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. 2025 Aug 22;7:1630870. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1630870

Table 3.

Performance summary of spike types.

Spike type Used (n) Kill rate Error rate Continuation rate Efficiency index (EI)
Deep spike 817 0.34 0.12 0.48 0.22
Straight spike 622 0.39 0.17 0.38 0.23
Diagonal spike 471 0.41 0.13 0.44 0.28
Tip shot 478 0.30 0.08 0.61 0.22
Block-out spike 211 0.82 0.02 0.13 0.79

Efficiency Index (EI) = (Success−Errors)/Total Attempts. Continuation Rate refers to the proportion of spike attempts that resulted in neutral outcomes, representing rally continuation.