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. 2025 Aug 22;7:1630870. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1630870

Table 5.

Spike type performance by match outcome with statistical comparison.

Spike type Attempts (Lose) Attempts (Win) Kill rate (Lose) Kill rate (Win) Error rate (Lose) Error rate (Win) Efficiency (Lose) Efficiency (Win) p-value (Kill Rate) p-value (Error Rate) p-value (EI)
Block-out spike 61 150 0.767 0.838 0.000 0.028 0.767 0.810 0.720 0.146 0.632
Deep spike 253 564 0.272 0.370 0.124 0.121 0.148 0.249 0.256 0.722 0.210
Diagonal spike 146 325 0.314 0.456 0.167 0.110 0.147 0.346 0.013 0.103 0.019
Straight spike 156 466 0.345 0.412 0.223 0.148 0.122 0.264 0.144 0.239 0.207
Tip shot 154 324 0.244 0.323 0.100 0.076 0.144 0.247 0.045 0.177 0.078

p-values calculated using Mann–Whitney U-tests. Bolded values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05). EI = (Kills – Errors)/Total Attempts.