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. 2025 Aug 22;7:1630870. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1630870

Table 7.

Spike zone performance summary with tactical indicators.

Zone Total spikes Kill rate (%) Efficiency index Straight spike (%) Deep spike (%) Diagonal spike (%) Block-out (%) Tip shot (%)
Side attack zone 2,040 25.2% 0.227 27.6% 37.6% 10.4% 5.6% 18.8%
Central attack zone 559 14.1% 0.106 21.0% 33.8% 20.5% 7.5% 17.3%

Kill Rate = Kills/Total Spikes; Efficiency Index = (Kills−Errors)/Total Spikes. Percentages of spike types represent tactical distribution by zone.