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. 2025 Sep 4;16(1):2546291. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2546291

Table 3.

Frequencies of Yes/No answers of the combat exposure scale among Israeli combat veterans (N = 372).

Combat exposure scale items Frequencies
Yes (%) No (%)
Being attacked or ambushed 35 65
Receiving incoming artillery, rocket, or mortar fire 37 63
Being shot at or receiving small-arms fire 13 87
Shooting or directing fire at the enemy 57 43
Being responsible for the death of an enemy combatant 3 97
Being responsible for the death of a non-combatant 2 98
Seeing dead bodies or human remains 20 80
Handling or uncovering human remains 8 92
Seeing dead or seriously injured IDF soldiers 8 92
Knowing someone seriously injured or killed 29 71
Participating in demining operations 7 93
Seeing ill or injured women or children whom you were unable to help 14 86
Being wounded or injured 16 84
Had a close call, was shot or hit, but protective gear saved you 5 95
Had a buddy shot or hit who was near you 10 90
Clearing or searching homes or buildings 53 47
Engaging in hand-to-hand combat 11 89
Saved the life of a soldier or civilian 17 83