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. 2025 Sep 5;27:e73486. doi: 10.2196/73486

Table 2. Pharmacogenomic interaction guidelines associated with error rates or hallucination generation. This table displays pharmacogenomic interaction guidelines linked to error rates or hallucination generation during classification. It details the specific guidelines, artificial intelligence (AI) tool thresholds used, large language model (LLM) answers, manual review results, and the reasons for discrepancies with human labels. Discrepancies were mainly due to conflicting classifications for different genotypes or model-generated information beyond the scope of the guidelines.

Pharmacogenomic interaction guidelines AI tool threshold used LLM answers Manual review result Guideline content Reasons for discrepancies with human labels (hallucinations)
No.254 trimipramine - CYP2D6 Repeated cross-comparisons Consider dosage modification Change medication
  • CYP2D6 UM/PMs, CYP2C19 UM/RM/PMs: Use an alternative drug.

  • CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 PMs (if used): Reduce dose by 50%.

  • CYP2D6 IMs: Reduce dose by 25%.

Guideline prompts conflicting classifications for different genotypes
No.211 imipramine - CYP2D6 Agreement-threshold strategy Consider dosage modification Change medication
  • CYP2D6 UM/PMs, CYP2C19 UM/RM/PMs: Use an alternative drug.

  • CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 PMs (if used): Reduce dose by 50%.

  • CYP2D6 IMs: Reduce dose by 25%.

Guideline prompts conflicting classifications for different genotypes
No.278 daunorubicin - SLC28A3 Agreement-threshold strategy Consider dosage modification Other
  • Perform pharmacogenomic testing for RARG rs2229774, SLC28A3 rs7853758, and UGT1A6*4 (rs17863783)

Model-generated extraneous information beyond guideline content