Table 2.
Association Between Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics and Economic Inactivity
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Model A | Model B | ||
| Characteristics | Economically inactive | Employed | Unadjusted | Adjusted for sex, age of onset, years since diagnosis, area level deprivation, tenure, and level of qualification |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2804 (54.9) | 778 (50.7) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Female | 2306 (45.1) | 756 (49.3) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) |
| Age of onset | ||||
| Early (<45) | 3809 (73.6) | 1204 (78.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Mid (45-64) | 1285 (24.8) | 313 (20.4) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.50) | 1.39 (1.17, 1.64) |
| Late (65+) | 78 (1.5) | 21 (1.4) | 1.43 (0.83, 2.46) | 1.30 (0.62, 2.72) |
| Years since diagnosis | ||||
| Diagnosis in Census year | 122 (2.4) | 199 (12.9) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1-3 | 1511 (29.2) | 574 (37.3) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.29) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.21) |
| 4-6 | 1513 (29.3) | 409 (26.6) | 1.21 (0.84, 1.75) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.41) |
| 7-9 | 1242 (24.0) | 277 (18.0) | 1.56 (1.07, 2.28) | 1.09 (0.68, 1.74) |
| 10+ | 784 (15.2) | 79 (5.1) | 3.42 (2.24, 5.20) | 2.14 (1.28, 3.57) |
| IMD quartile | ||||
| 1 (Least deprived) | 936 (18.8) | 445 (29.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 1207 (24.2) | 421 (28.2) | 1.37 (1.17, 1.60) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) |
| 3 | 1338 (26.8) | 330 (22.1) | 2.02 (1.71, 2.39) | 1.26 (1.02, 1.54) |
| 4 (Most deprived) | 1504 (30.2) | 299 (20.0) | 2.46 (2.08, 2.92) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.62) |
| Tenure | ||||
| Rents | 3749 (77.0) | 715 (47.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Part owns and part rents | 32 (0.7) | 30 (2.0) | 0.19 (0.11, 0.31) | 0.31 (0.18, 0.55) |
| Owns outright | 499 (10.3) | 228 (15.1) | 0.41 (0.34, 0.49) | 0.53 (0.43, 0.66) |
| Owns with mortgage or loan | 496 (10.2) | 526 (34.8) | 0.17 (0.15, 0.20) | 0.24 (0.20, 0.29) |
| Lives rent free | 91 (1.9) | 13 (0.9) | 1.13 (0.64, 1.98) | 1.35 (0.72, 2.53) |
| Qualifications | ||||
| No qualification | 1428 (31.3) | 95 (6.4) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| GSCE/NVQ1-3/Apprenticeship | 1826 (40.0) | 434 (29.1) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.39) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.49) |
| Foreign qualification | 183 (4.0) | 58 (3.9) | 0.22 (0.15, 0.31) | 0.25 (0.17, 0.36) |
| Undergraduate degree + | 1129 (24.7) | 906 (60.7) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.11) | 0.12 (0.10, 0.16) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White British | 2352 (45.5) | 806 (53.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Irish | 98 (1.9) | 36 (2.4) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.46) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.37) |
| White Other | 289 (5.6) | 121 (8.0) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.17) |
| White and Black Caribbean | 162 (3.1) | 34 (2.2) | 1.61 (1.09, 2.36) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.53) |
| South Asian | 224 (4.3) | 70 (4.6) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.49) | 1.66 (1.20, 2.30) |
| Black Caribbean | 533 (10.3) | 166 (10.9) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) |
| Black African | 777 (15.0) | 133 (8.8) | 2.10 (1.71, 2.58) | 1.60 (1.25, 2.04) |
| Any other Black | 256 (4.9) | 37 (2.4) | 2.52 (1.74, 3.64) | 1.98 (1.25, 3.13) |
| Other ethnicity | 481 (9.3) | 113 (7.5) | 1.44 (1.15, 1.81) | 1.23 (0.94, 1.60) |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| Does not live alone | 3452 (66.7) | 1213 (80.0) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Lives alone | 1720 (33.3) | 303 (20.0) | 2.00 (1.73, 2.31) | 1.72 (1.45, 2.03) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently or previously married | 1850 (35.8) | 715 (47.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Never married | 3322 (64.2) | 801 (52.8) | 1.60 (1.42, 1.81) | 1.66 (1.43, 1.93) |
| Migration status | ||||
| Born in the UK | 3577 (69.2) | 1066 (70.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Born outside the UK | 1595 (30.8) | 450 (29.7) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.09) |
| History of mental health unit admission | ||||
| No | 4726 (91.4) | 1417 (93.5) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 446 (8.6) | 99 (6.5) | 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) | 1.79 (1.36, 2.34) |
| Diagnosis type | ||||
| Non-affective psychosis | 3829 (74.0) | 770 (50.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Affective psychosis | 1343 (26.0) | 746 (49.2) | 0.36 (0.32, 0.40) | 0.43 (0.38, 0.50) |
| History of substance misuse | ||||
| No | 4340 (83.9) | 1412 (93.1) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 832 (16.1) | 104 (6.9) | 2.66 (2.14, 3.32) | 1.93 (1.52, 2.45) |
aWe did not adjust for education when we estimated the effect of diagnosis type, as prodromal symptoms may interfere with educational achievement, it may therefore lie on the causal pathway between diagnosis type and employment.