Table 3.
Patient Characteristics of the Included Studies
| Study | Mean Age | Education | Woman | HbA1c mmol/mol (%) |
BMI kg/m2 (mean) | Complication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education and social support-based interventions | ||||||
| Azadbakht et al, (2023)24 | 64.2±3.3 | Illiterate (79.3%) | 66.3% | IG: 8.44±0.8 CG: 8.33±0.8 |
N/I | 27.2% had diabetes-related complications |
| Ghasemi et al, (201 925 | N/I | Majority middle school or below | 55% | N/I | N/I | N/I |
| Saghaee et al, (2020)44 | 66.3±6.4 | Higher than secondary school (41.17%) | 41.17% | N/I | N/I | 67.7% had diabetes-related complications |
| Moriyama et al, (2009)43 | 66.4±9.2 | N/I | 53.8 | 7.5±1.5 | Weight (60.0± 11.0) |
N/I |
| Community-based and integrated care models | ||||||
| Chao et al, (2014)14 | 68.5±6.0 | Middle school (53%) | 51% | N/I | N/I | Yes (63%) |
| Seah et al, (2022)27 | 71.6 | No formal education/primary level (51.4) | 66,1and | IG 1: 7.84 ± 1,19 IG 2: 7.52 ± 1,27 |
N/I | N/I |
| Chao et al, (2015)28 | 68.5±6.0 | Primary school (26%) | 46% | N/I | N/I | Yes 64% |
| Technology-based and remote monitoring | ||||||
| Tanaka et al, (2021)13 | 61±8.4 | N/I | 21% | 7.9±0.8 | 25.2 ±3.0 | N/I |
| Park et al, (2024)15 | 72.7±4.76 | High school (34%) | 45.3% | 6.89±0.86 | 24.13±3.09 | N/I |
| Pitchalard et al, (2022)23 | 67.87±5.44 | Majority never attended school (89.96%) | 69.57% | Reduced FBS from 130 to 113.86 mg/dL (p<0.001) | N/I | N/I |
| Sazlina et al, (2015)42 | 64±7 | Secondary education (73.9%) | 46.4% | 8.10±1.90 | 26.8±5.5 | N/I |
| Arovah et al, (2018)45 | 65.9 ± 6.5 | Up to high school diploma (68.2%) | 63.6% | 7.75 (6.76–8.73) | 24.6 ± 3.5 | N/I |