. 2025 Sep 2;20:1471–1480. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S532935

Table 3.

Treatment and Outcomes

Author	Treatment General	Vertebral Refracture	Other Complications	Conclusion
Habibi et al⁹	Non-operative, soft vs hard brace, antiosteoporotic treatment	11 (9.4%)	N.A.	FI% of the PVM in the thoracolumbar region is highly correlated with the occurrence of new OVF, and the FI% of the PVM in the lumbar region is related to remaining LBP.
Wang et al¹⁰	Operative PKP + osteoporotic medication (Vitamin D)	64 (27%); non-sarcopenic 43 (22.8%); sarcopenic 21 (43.8%)	N.A.	Sarcopenia is among others an independent risk predictor of osteoporotic compression refractures (OR 2.271; 95% CI 1.069–4.824, p = 0.033)
Wang et al¹⁰	Operative PKP + osteoporotic medication (Vitamin D)	64 (27%); non-sarcopenic 43 (22.8%); sarcopenic 21 (43.8%)	N.A.		Si et al¹¹	Operative PKP single level and 6 months anti-osteoporotic medication (calcitonin, calcium carbonate, calcitriol)	54 (26.7%)	N.A.	Subsequent OVFs occurred in 54 of 202 patients (26.7%). FSF _ES (OR = 1.064; P = 0.001), FSF_PM (OR = 1.326; P < 0.001), and the difference index of the muscle CSA _MF/PM (OR = 1.048; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for the occurrence.
Chen Q. et al¹²	PKP, antiosteoporotic medication (bisphosphonates, calcium supplementation, vitamin D)	74 (34.6%); 84% in sarcopenic patients	N.A.	Sarcopenia (OR= 5.47; p = 0.005) and fatty infiltration of PVM (OR=1.13; p=0.015) are independent risk factor for sequential vertebral fracture
					Zhao et al¹³	Single level PKP, postoperatively rigid brace for 3 month	33 (35.9%)	N.A.	Patients with sequential OVF had an significantly decreased CSA during follow-up (p<0.05) along with an increase of SI (representing fat content of the muscle)
					Chen Z. et al¹⁴	PVP or PKP single-level	16 (11.1%)	N.A.	In the refracture group CSA_{PM was} significantly smaller (p<0.003) and higher FI _ES+MF (p< 0.008) und FI _PM (p<0.05) were found
					Krenzlin et al¹⁵	Dorsal spinal instrumentation	N.A.	19 implantfailures, 14 cases in sarcopenic patients. Cementleakage (n=4 out of 28 with cement augmentation), hematoma n=1, surgical site infection n=2; 7 complication in 6 patients, complications only occurred in sarcopenic patients (p=0.01)	zSMAHT (p = 0.0057) and BMD (p = 0.0041) were significantly related to implant failure occurrence.
Osterhoff et al¹⁶	PKP 27.7%, percutaneous posterior fixation 49.7%,and open fixation 22.5%	23 patients (12%)	N.A.	Multifidus area and multifidus fatty infiltration had no significant effect on the occurrence of adjacent vertebral fractures within one year after the index fracture.