Table 2. Comparative overview of LiVO₃ synthesis ethods, key features, and reported performance.

Synthesis method	Reference	Key parameters	Advantages/characteristics	Performance notes
Sol–gel	60	Annealing at 450 °C	Best electrochemical performance for LVO-450	Optimal performance after annealing at 450 °C
Sol–gel (with sync-carbonization)	61	Simple evaporation approach, sync-carbonization	Simultaneous formation of carbon layer and LiVO3	Improved electrochemical performance due to carbon coating
Ball milling + solid-state reaction	62	Synthesis at 350 °C	Low crystallization, small particle size	Optimal performance at 350 °C, good cycling stability
Soft chemistry + calcinations	63	Fabrication at 350 °C	Small particles (500 nm to 1 μm)	Good performance, high discharge capacity, good rate capability and cyclic stability
Hydrothermal + N2 annealing	64	Hydrothermal method, annealing under nitrogen atmosphere	Better performance than air-annealed LiVO3	Post-synthesis annealing under N2 enhances properties
Solid-state reaction (this work)	This work	Heating at 573 K for 8 h, sintering at 1073 K for 10 h, intermediate grinding and pressing	High phase purity, monoclinic C2/c structure, needle-like morphology, controlled agglomeration	Thermally activated conduction, distinct grain/grain boundary activation, strong polaron hopping conductivity, favorable dielectric behavior for Li-ion batteries