Table 1.
Characteristics and outcomes of participants categorized by HALP score.
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 818) | Q1 (HALP 9.7, n = 205) | Q2 (9.7 HALP 19.71, n = 204) | Q3 (19.71 HALP 34.47, n = 204) | Q4 (HALP 34.47, n = 205) | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 71 (62, 80) | 71 (62, 80) | 72 (62, 81) | 70 (61, 80) | 70 (62, 78) | 0.449 | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.212 | ||||||
| Female | 314 (38%) | 81 (40%) | 79 (39%) | 87 (43%) | 67 (33%) | ||
| Male | 504 (62%) | 124 (60%) | 125 (61%) | 117 (57%) | 138 (67%) | ||
| Race, n (%) | 0.486 | ||||||
| Black | 71 (8.7%) | 14 (6.8%) | 20 (9.8%) | 23 (11%) | 14 (6.8%) | ||
| White | 475 (58%) | 117 (57%) | 116 (57%) | 122 (60%) | 120 (59%) | ||
| Others | 272 (33%) | 74 (36%) | 68 (33%) | 59 (29%) | 71 (35%) | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 87 (75, 101) | 92 (78, 104) | 88 (78, 106) | 87 (75, 98) | 83 (73, 96) | 0.002 | |
| RR (bpm) | 20 (16, 25) | 21 (17, 26) | 20 (17, 25) | 20 (17, 25) | 20 (16, 23) | 0.008 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118 (104, 137) | 120 (104, 138) | 115 (103, 134) | 120 (104, 138) | 120 (105, 138) | 0.527 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69 (59, 81) | 68 (59, 81) | 68 (58, 82) | 70 (59, 79) | 70 (59, 82) | 0.912 | |
| SPO2 (%) | 97 (94, 100) | 97 (94, 100) | 97 (93, 99) | 97 (94, 99) | 98 (95, 100) | 0.090 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.65 (8.80, 12.70) | 9.10 (7.80, 11.00) | 10.45 (9.00, 11.85) | 11.40 (9.70, 13.55) | 11.70 (9.50, 13.50) | 0.001 | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.20 (2.80, 3.60) | 2.90 (2.50, 3.30) | 3.10 (2.70, 3.50) | 3.40 (2.90, 3.70) | 3.50 (3.00, 3.80) | 0.001 | |
| Lymph (109/L) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.70) | 0.44 (0.29, 0.74) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.20) | 1.30 (0.98, 1.71) | 1.92 (1.53, 2.71) | 0.001 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | 198 (141, 255) | 226 (166, 317) | 208 (167, 263) | 197 (144, 243) | 155 (99, 214) | 0.001 | |
| INR | 1.30 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.60) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.55) | 1.25 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.60) | 0.106 | |
| PH | 7.36 (7.29, 7.42) | 7.35 (7.28, 7.41) | 7.37 (7.29, 7.42) | 7.37 (7.28, 7.42) | 7.37 (7.32, 7.42) | 0.312 | |
| PTT (S) | 34 (28, 51) | 31 (27, 40) | 34 (28, 47) | 36 (28, 58) | 35 (29, 66) | 0.001 | |
| WBC (109/L) | 13 (9, 17) | 12 (9, 17) | 13 (10, 17) | 13 (9, 17) | 12 (9, 18) | 0.161 | |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 41 (35, 47) | 41 (35, 49) | 40 (35, 48) | 40 (35, 46) | 41 (36, 45) | 0.768 | |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 1.30 (0.90, 2.10) | 1.60 (1.00, 3.10) | 1.40 (0.90, 2.40) | 1.30 (0.90, 1.80) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.60) | 0.001 | |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.90) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.80) | 4.10 (3.80, 4.50) | 0.036 | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 (136, 141) | 138 (134, 141) | 138 (136, 141) | 139 (136, 141) | 139 (136, 141) | 0.017 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 26 (16, 46) | 36 (20, 59) | 29 (18, 46) | 24 (16, 42) | 20 (14, 36) | 0.001 | |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.90 (1.30, 3.00) | 1.90 (1.30, 2.90) | 1.80 (1.30, 3.10) | 1.95 (1.30, 3.00) | 1.90 (1.30, 3.20) | 0.712 | |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 147 (113, 207) | 154 (111, 209) | 142 (116, 204) | 151 (120, 206) | 140 (105, 196) | 0.449 | |
| PO2 (mmHg) | 66 (41, 122) | 55 (38, 93) | 66 (41, 115) | 64 (41, 120) | 86 (49, 234) | 0.001 | |
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 15 (13, 18) | 16 (13, 19) | 15 (13, 18) | 15 (13, 18) | 15 (12, 17) | 0.197 | |
| Neuts (109/L) | 10 (7, 15) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (7, 15) | 10 (8, 15) | 10 (6, 14) | 0.295 | |
| AF, n (%) | 368 (45%) | 103 (50%) | 92 (45%) | 89 (44%) | 84 (41%) | 0.287 | |
| CA, n (%) | 167 (20%) | 44 (21%) | 45 (22%) | 37 (18%) | 41 (20%) | 0.765 | |
| CKD, n (%) | 320 (39%) | 95 (46%) | 93 (46%) | 68 (33%) | 64 (31%) | 0.001 | |
| CHF, n (%) | 506 (62%) | 131 (64%) | 135 (66%) | 119 (58%) | 121 (59%) | 0.290 | |
| COPD, n (%) | 180 (22%) | 59 (29%) | 43 (21%) | 36 (18%) | 42 (20%) | 0.044 | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 360 (44%) | 94 (46%) | 82 (40%) | 89 (44%) | 95 (46%) | 0.583 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 370 (45%) | 100 (49%) | 70 (34%) | 92 (45%) | 108 (53%) | 0.001 | |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 596 (73%) | 171 (83%) | 156 (76%) | 129 (63%) | 140 (68%) | 0.001 | |
| Stroke, n (%) | 126 (15%) | 27 (13%) | 29 (14%) | 35 (17%) | 35 (17%) | 0.588 | |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 539 (66%) | 111 (54%) | 129 (63%) | 138 (68%) | 161 (79%) | 0.001 | |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 481 (59%) | 122 (60%) | 104 (51%) | 123 (60%) | 132 (64%) | 0.046 | |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 156 (19%) | 37 (18%) | 50 (25%) | 37 (18%) | 32 (16%) | 0.124 | |
| Statin, n (%) | 540 (66%) | 111 (54%) | 132 (65%) | 143 (70%) | 154 (75%) | 0.001 | |
| CRRT, n (%) | 78 (9.5%) | 24 (12%) | 23 (11%) | 14 (6.9%) | 17 (8.3%) | 0.273 | |
| Invasive MV, n (%) | 396 (48%) | 96 (47%) | 101 (50%) | 101 (50%) | 98 (48%) | 0.933 | |
| Noninvasive MV, n (%) | 21 (2.6%) | 5 (2.4%) | 10 (4.9%) | 4 (2.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.077 | |
| APS-III | 48 (35, 65) | 55 (42, 69) | 50 (38, 61) | 43 (32, 58) | 43 (32, 63) | 0.001 | |
| CCI | 6 (5, 9) | 7 (5, 9) | 7 (5, 9) | 6 (5, 8) | 6 (4, 8) | 0.001 | |
| GCS | 15 (14, 15) | 15 (14, 15) | 15 (14, 15) | 15 (14, 15) | 15 (14, 15) | 0.253 | |
| SAPS-II | 41 (31, 52) | 44 (34, 54) | 42 (34, 50) | 39 (29, 50) | 40 (31, 52) | 0.004 | |
| SOFA | 6 (3, 10) | 7 (4, 10) | 6 (4, 9) | 5 (3, 10) | 7 (3, 10) | 0.229 | |
| 90 days mortality, n (%) | 250 (31%) | 75 (37%) | 70 (34%) | 53 (26%) | 52 (25%) | 0.024 | |
| 365 days mortality, n (%) | 330 (40%) | 99 (48%) | 87 (43%) | 75 (37%) | 69 (34%) | 0.013 | |
HALP, Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SPO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; Hb, hemoglobin; INR, international normalized ratio; PH, potential of hydrogen; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; WBC, white blood cell count; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Cr, creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GLU, glucose; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; AF, atrial fibrillation; CA, cancer; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; MV, mechanical ventilation; APS-III, acute physiology score III; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; SAPS-II, simplified acute physiology score II; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.