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Normalized electron densities of Al plasma from AC4DC (top) and PICLS (bottom) (Royle et al., 2017 ▸) simulations under a 10 keV 20 fs FWHM Gaussian pulse. Times are denoted relative to the pulse peak. Both simulations model peak intensities of 1 × 1019 W cm−2. Here, PICLS models the radial intensity profile with a super-Gaussian approximately equivalent to a square profile. Dashed lines show the Maxwellian fits to the low-energy electrons at t = 30 fs (<2 keV for the AC4DC trace).
