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. 2025 Aug 26;13:1639430. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1639430

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Copyright © 2025 Yin, Sun, Zhang, Li, Wang, Bai and Lei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating bone cell interactions and processes. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and pre-osteoclasts interact through molecules like RANKL and TNF-α. Mechanical stimulation affects osteocytes, influencing osteoclast differentiation and activation. Key molecules include IL-17, OPG, and M-CSF, leading to bone destruction when activated osteoclasts form. The pathways involve estrogen, vitamin D3, glucocorticoids, and PTH, impacting RANK and TRAF6 signaling. — Molecular mechanisms of the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis in osteoclastogenesis.