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. 2025 Aug 26;13:1639430. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1639430

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Copyright © 2025 Yin, Sun, Zhang, Li, Wang, Bai and Lei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating the signaling pathways involved in osteoclast differentiation. It shows interactions among receptors like M-CSF, RANKL, and TNF-α with intracellular elements such as ERK1/2, MEK, TRAF6, and NF-κB, leading to transcription factors AP-1 and NFATC1 in the nucleus. This process includes components like P38 MAPK, JNK, and various proteins, highlighting their roles in cell response and transcription activities for osteoclastogenesis. — MAPK/ERK signaling regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.