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Initial device optimizations led to a PCE of 12.6% in 2014. Recent advances, especially in the suppression of VOC loss due to bandgap fluctuations and Urbach tails, combined with suppression of some defects and defect clusters has enabled a PCE of 15%. Future improvements will rely on suppressing non-radiative recombination through synergistic alloying and addressing the recombination at grain boundaries and interfaces.
