FIG. 1.

Clinical assessment as part of clinical/biomarker/imaging-modifiers (CBI-M) assessment framework. Conceptually, initial clinical assessment would (in most cases) form the first step in a comprehensive characterization and inform need for repeat blood-based biomarker measurement and neuroimaging (including MRI), allocation to clinical care pathways, arrangements for follow-up, and prognostic expectations. This initial assessment would be enriched by a dynamic assessment of clinical progress over the first 2 weeks following TBI. Integration of information from such assessment would inform not just investigations and clinical care but also potential recruitment to research studies. We recognize that while other biofluids such as saliva and sweat may provide options for biomarker analysis in the future, we have primarily addressed the use of blood biomarkers in this scheme as those are closest to routine clinical practice. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; TBI, traumatic brain injury.