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. 2025 Aug 31;11(4):258–282. doi: 10.52601/bpr.2024.240055

Table 2. Engineering strategies for algae.

Engineering strategies Interaction mode Algae Engineered algae Reference
Physical integration Electrostatic adsorption Cyano ceCyan Huo et al. 2020b
Electrostatic adsorption Cyano UR-Cyan Huo et al. 2021
Electrostatic adsorption C. reinhardtii biohybrid C. reinhardtii microswimmers Akolpoglu et al. 2020
Electrostatic adsorption Chl. BMMs Gong et al. 2022
Electrostatic adsorption SP MSP hybrid microswimmers Zhong et al. 2020a
Electrostatic adsorption SP ADU@Fe-SP Zhang et al. 2023
Ionic cross-linking SP SP-Au Hua et al. 2024
Ionic cross-linking Chl. ALGAE Zhou et al. 2019
Chemical integration Chemical bonding Cyano S/HSA/ICG Liu et al. 2020
Chemical bonding Chl. CurNPs-C Zhang et al. 2024b
Chemical bonding Cyano Cyan@BPNSs Qi et al. 2021
Bioreactor S.algae Bac@Au Wang et al. 2021b
Bioreactor SP (Pd@Au)/Fe3O4@Sp.-DOX Wang et al. 2019
Bioreactor SP Au-SP@CF Hosseini et al. 2022
Biomineralization Chl. CV@CaP Zhong et al. 2021b
Biomineralization Chl. Algae@SiO2 Li et al. 2020
Biological integration Membrane coating Chl. RBCM-Algae Qiao et al. 2020
Membrane coating Chl. M-Chl Gao et al. 2022
Membrane coating Chl. MChl-CQ-HP-NP Gao et al. 2023
Antibody binding T. pseudonana Diatom biosilica Delalat et al. 2015