Table 5.
Daily dietary nutrient intake at end of diet
| Variable | Diabetes diet (N = 14) | Palaeolithic diet (N = 14) | Difference (N = 14) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total weight, kg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 2.5 | (1.4–2.7) | 3.1 | (0.6) | –0.9 | [–1.1, –0.7] | < .001 |
| Total energy, MJ Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 10.4 | (6.2–11.8) | 10.9 | (6.5–12.3) | –0.2 | [–1.0, 0.0] | .048 |
| Protein, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 103 | (16) | 120 | (71–140) | –9 | [–17, –1] | .030 |
| Protein energy percent, E% M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 18 | (1) | 18 | (1) | 0 | [–1, 0] | .900 |
| Carbohydrates, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 286 | (52) | 314 | (188–358) | –14 | [–31, 2] | .080 |
| Carbohydrates energy percent, E% Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 54 | (48–57) | 55 | (51–56) | –1 | [–3, 0] | .080 |
| Fibre, g M (SD) M [95% CI] | 47 | (9) | 62 | (15) | –15 | [–23, –7] | < .001 |
| Fat, g M (SD) M [95% CI] | 75 | (19) | 75 | (17) | 0 | [–7, 6] | .900 |
| Fat energy percent, E% Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 28 | [27, 30] a | 26 | (26–31) | 2 | [0, 3] | .100 |
| Cholesterol, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 326 | (181–379) | 314 | (71) | –11 | [–36, 14] | .400 |
| Saturated fatty acids, g M [95% CI] Mdn [95% CI] | 16 | [13, 19] a | 13 | [11, 16] a | 3 | [1, 4] | .010 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids, g M (SD) M [95% CI] | 36 | (10) | 36 | (7) | 0 | [–3, 3] | .800 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 13 | (8–14) | 16 | (4) | –4 | [–5, –2] | < .001 |
| Calcium, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 1086 | (404–1206) | 703 | (166) | 343 | [194, 402] | .002 |
| Iron, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 22 | (4) | 22 | (4) | –1 | [–3, 1] | .500 |
| Sodium, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 1747 | (587) | 1024 | (695–2558) | 656 | [324, 987] | .001 |
| Vitamin A, µg M (SD) Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 1302 | (654–1403) | 3350 | (1074) | –2251 | [–2720, –1803] | .001 |
| Vitamin B1, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 2.3 | (0.5) | 2 | (1–2) | 0.3 | [0.1, 0.44] | .004 |
| Vitamin B2, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 2.4 | (1.1–2.7) | 1.9 | (0.4) | 0.4 | [0.2, 0.5] | .001 |
| Folic acid, µg M (SD) M [95% CI] | 431 | (66) | 558 | (104) | –127 | [–176, –78] | < .001 |
| Vitamin C, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 219 | (128–251) | 472 | (100) | –277 | [–325, –244] | < .001 |
| Vitamin B12, µg M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 6.3 | (1.6) | 10.7 | (2.6) | –4.1 | [–05, –03] | < .001 |
| Water, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 1609 | (917–1746) | 1972 | (351) | –514 | [–644, –384] | < .001 |
| Alcohol, g Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 1.3 | (0.5–6.8) | 1.6 | (1.3–3.2) | –0,3 | [–01, 01] | .800 |
| Glucose, g Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 18 | (9–20) | 83 | (23–96) | –64 | [–72, –44] | < .001 |
| Fructose, g Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 30 | (14–34) | 86 | (32–100) | –54 | [–67, –41] | < .001 |
| Saccharose, g Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 27 | (13–29) | 66 | (40–79) | –40 | [–46, –33] | < .001 |
| Myristic acid, g Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] Mdn [95% CI] | 1.2 | [1–1.6] a | 0.5 | (0.3–2.8) | 0.7 | [0.2, 1] | .020 |
| Palmitic acid, g M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 9.7 | (2.7) | 9.5 | (3) | 0.7 | [–1.6, 1.3] | .800 |
| Stearic acid, g M (SD) M [95% CI] Mdn [95% CI] | 3.2 | (1) | 2.7 | [2.1, 3.7] a | 0.5 | [–0.4, 1] | .020 |
| Palmitoleic acid, g M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 1.1 | (0.3) | 1.3 | (0.3) | –0.1 | [–0.2, 0.02] | .020 |
| Oleic acid, g M (SD) M [95% CI] | 34 | (10) | 35 | (7) | 0 | [–3, 3] | .800 |
| Linoleic acid, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 10 | (7–11) | 12 | (3) | –2 | [–3, –1] | < .001 |
| Alpha-linolenic acid, g M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 0.9 | (0.2) | 1.7 | (0.4) | –0.8 | [–0.9, –0.6] | < .001 |
| Arachidonic acid, g M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 0.1 | (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 | (0.1) | –0.2 | [–0.2, –0.1] | < .001 |
| Niacin, mg Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 52 | (31–58) | 64 | (36–76) | –13 | [–18, –7] | < .001 |
| Folate, µg M (SD) M [95% CI] | 431 | (66) | 553 | (110) | –121 | [–176, –67] | < .001 |
| Retinol, µg M (SD) M [95% CI] | 246 | (70) | 103 | [78, 134] a | 133 | [94, 171] | < .001 |
| Beta carotene, µg M (SD) Mdn (Range) Mdn [95% CI] | 5362 | (2466–5580) | 17370 | (5836) | –13450 | [–15857, –10728] | .001 |
| Vitamin D, µg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 5.2 | (1) | 5.5 | (3–6) | 0.2 | [–0.3, 0.7] | .300 |
| Vitamin E, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 15 | (10–17) | 26 | (6) | –12 | [–15, –9] | < .001 |
| Tocopherols, mg Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 13 | (8–15) | 22 | (13–25) | –9 | [–11, –6] | < .001 |
| Zinc, mg M (SD) Mdn [95% CI] | 14 | (3) | 12 | (3) | 3 | [0, 3] | .020 |
| Magnesium, mg Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 632 | (413–703) | 563 | (116) | 10 | [–45, 65] | .700 |
| Potassium, mg M (SD) Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 4300 | (2536–4681) | 7487 | (1671) | –3626 | [–4410, –2841] | < .001 |
| Selenium, µg Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 182 | (97–200) | 157 | (92–175) | 17 | [8, 26] | .001 |
| Glycaemic Index, M (SD) M [95% CI] | 50 | (2) | 50 | (1) | 0 | [–1, 1] | .600 |
| Glycaemic load, Mdn (Range) M [95% CI] | 152 | (91–178) | 159 | (91–179) | –8 | [–17, 1] | .100 |
E%, percent energy from total macronutrient energy.
a
Geometric mean.
Average nutrient intake per day during a Palaeolithic and a diabetes diet. Estimated from 4-day weighed food records. Normally distributed variables are presented as M (SD). Transformed variables with normal distribution are presented as Mdn [95% CI]. Variables not normally distributed, neither before nor after transformation, are presented as Mdn (Range).