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. 2025 Sep 8;25:929. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-08049-2

Table 4.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety by exposure to violence (N = 660)

Depression symptoms Anxiety symptoms
Yes No t d Yes No t d
M SD M SD M SD M SD
Violence during pregnancy 11.04 6.62 6.26 4.27 3.7** 1.1 9.04 5.64 4.65 3.55 3.70** 1.1
Violence in the last 12 months 11.5 6.04 6.33 4.37 2.95* 1.17 8.58 5.18 4.74 3.67 2.56* 1.17
Violence in adulthood 7.60 4.78 5.90 4.22 4.04** 0.34 6.03 4.22 4.23 3.32 3.93** 0.38
Violence in childhood 7.72 4.88 5.81 4.10 4.90** 0.44 6.03 4.22 4.23 3.32 5.45** 0.5

* p <.05, ** p <.001

X̄ mean; SD standard deviation