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. 2025 Aug 26;16:1545603. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1545603

Figure 2.

Empirical plots for items 7 and 8 show probability P(θ) against θ, divided into four categories each. Item 7: Category 1 has a decreasing curve; Category 2 peaks around zero; Category 3 spikes mid-range; Category 4 shows a rise. Item 8 follows similar patterns: Category 1 decreases; Category 2 peaks; Category 3 spikes; Category 4 rises sharply. Each plot includes data points with trend lines.

Examples of empirical plots are shown for items 7 and 8. The plots are visual impressions of how close the empirical data points are to the theoretically estimated model for each answer category for each item based on the value of the underlying trait, θ, assessed by the STEM scale.