. 2025 Sep 5;104(36):e44233. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000044233

Table 2.

Mixed design ANOVA results of various indicators for the Gua Sha and control groups at baseline, after the first intervention, and after the fourth intervention.

Outcomes	Group	T0	T1	T2	Time effects			Time × group effects
Outcomes	Group	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	F	P-value	PES	F	P-value	PES
TLF thickness H (mm)	GG	4.09 ± 0.96	3.70 ± 0.87	3.48 ± 0.85	(1.74, 43.55) = 6.808	.004	0.214	(1.74, 43.55) = 0.287	.722	0.011
TLF thickness H (mm)	CG	4.18 ± 1.00	3.93 ± 1.10	3.78 ± 0.75	(1.74, 43.55) = 6.808	.004	0.214	(1.74, 43.55) = 0.287	.722	0.011
Skin temperature (℃)	GG	35.98 ± 0.18	37.06 ± 0.21	36.99 ± 0.12	(2, 50) = 109.987	<.001	0.815	(2, 50) = 19.228	<.001	0.435
Skin temperature (℃)	CG	35.98 ± 0.27	38.22 ± 0.83	38.63 ± 0.84	(2, 50) = 109.987	<.001	0.815	(2, 50) = 19.228	<.001	0.435
Tissue hardness (N/mm²)	GG	60.26 ± 8.44	57.54 ± 5.03	53.19 ± 4.76	(2, 50) = 42.610	<.001	0.630	(2, 50) = 4.780	.013	0.160
Tissue hardness (N/mm²)	CG	63.03 ± 5.68	55.64 ± 5.27	49.07 ± 4.39	(2, 50) = 42.610	<.001	0.630	(2, 50) = 4.780	.013	0.160
PPT (kg/cm²)	GG	6.50 ± 1.22	6.28 ± 1.42	5.11 ± 1.59	(2, 50) = 10.723	<.001	0.300	(2, 50) = 0.711	.496	0.028
PPT (kg/cm²)	CG	5.67 ± 1.50	5.28 ± 1.44	4.68 ± 1.32	(2, 50) = 10.723	<.001	0.300	(2, 50) = 0.711	.496	0.028
Lumbar flexibility (cm)	GG	5.16 ± 0.98	5.25 ± 0.94	6.31 ± 0.75	(2, 50) = 36.995	<.001	0.597	(2, 50) = 3.659	.033	0.128
Lumbar flexibility (cm)	CG	5.00 ± 0.91	5.35 ± 0.81	5.78 ± 0.83	(2, 50) = 36.995	<.001	0.597	(2, 50) = 3.659	.033	0.128
VAS (score)	GG	5.36 ± 1.01	4.36 ± 0.63	3.21 ± 0.89	(2, 50) = 97.354	<.001	0.796	(2, 50) = 3.599	.035	0.126
VAS (score)	CG	5.31 ± 0.95	4.54 ± 0.88	3.85 ± 0.90	(2, 50) = 97.354	<.001	0.796	(2, 50) = 3.599	.035	0.126
ODI G (score)	GG	6.86 ± 1.61	5.71 ± 1.07	3.86 ± 1.03	(1.45, 36.31) = 90.715	<.001	0.784	(1.45, 36.31) = 90.715	<.001	0.342
ODI G (score)	CG	6.08 ± 1.19	5.38 ± 0.87	4.69 ± 1.11	(1.45, 36.31) = 90.715	<.001	0.784	(1.45, 36.31) = 90.715	<.001	0.342
Stress index (score)	GG	39.57 ± 9.46	36.71 ± 10.82	35.29 ± 13.99	(2, 50) = 0.122	.886	0.005	(2, 50) = 0.962	.389	0.037
Stress index (score)	CG	39.38 ± 8.98	40.92 ± 10.19	41.38 ± 12.13	(2, 50) = 0.122	.886	0.005	(2, 50) = 0.962	.389	0.037
LF (ms)	GG	7.19 ± 0.68	7.31 ± 0.84	7.14 ± 0.90	(2, 50) = 1.076	.349	0.041	(2, 50) = 0.176	.839	0.007
LF (ms)	CG	6.93 ± 0.73	7.22 ± 0.91	7.04 ± 0.95	(2, 50) = 1.076	.349	0.041	(2, 50) = 0.176	.839	0.007
HF (ms)	GG	6.10 ± 0.78	6.24 ± 0.82	6.27 ± 0.75	(2, 50) = 0.473	.626	0.02	(2, 50) = 0.247	.782	0.01
HF (ms)	CG	5.83 ± 0.81	6.04 ± 0.68	5.82 ± 0.71	(2, 50) = 0.473	.626	0.02	(2, 50) = 0.247	.782	0.01
LF/HF	GG	1.18 ± 0.10	1.18 ± 0.13	1.15 ± 0.12	(2, 50) = 0.132	.877	0.01	(2, 50) = 0.220	.803	0.01
LF/HF	CG	1.21 ± 0.10	1.20 ± 0.14	1.20 ± 0.09	(2, 50) = 0.132	.877	0.01	(2, 50) = 0.220	.803	0.01
SDNN (mHz)	GG	40.31 ± 11.90	47.38 ± 10.23	41.25 ± 9.72	(2, 50) = 2.765	.073	0.10	(2, 50) = 0.022	.979	0.00
SDNN (mHz)	CG	40.42 ± 16.07	47.48 ± 19.13	40.14 ± 13.96	(2, 50) = 2.765	.073	0.10	(2, 50) = 0.022	.979	0.00
RMSSD (mHz)	GG	30.82 ± 13.78	30.68 ± 3.19	37.72 ± 14.03	(2, 50) = 0.496	.612	0.02	(2, 50) = 1.399	.256	0.05
RMSSD (mHz)	CG	29.63 ± 17.03	32.58 ± 17.31	29.13 ± 11.72	(2, 50) = 0.496	.612	0.02	(2, 50) = 1.399	.256	0.05

CG = control group, G = Huynh-Feldt, GG = Gua Sha group, H = Greenhouse-Geisser, HF = high frequency, LF = low frequency, PES = partial eta squared, RMSSD = root mean square of successive differences, SD = standard deviation, SDNN = standard deviation regular heartbeat interval, SE = standard error, T0 = baseline data, T1 = data after the first intervention, T2 = data after the fourth intervention, VAS = visual analog scale.

P < .05, statistical significance.