Table 2.
Selected studies—study design, methodology, main aim, timeline, number of surgeries evaluated and inclusion criteria
| Study ID | Study Design | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Year | Method | Aim | Study duration | Number of patients | Surgical approach |
| Gilliam et al [16] | 2008 | Unicentric, retrospective, cohort study |
‘To estimate the effect that the expansion of laparoscopic surgery has had on global Warming’ |
10 years, consecutive | Unclear | Laparoscopic procedures |
| Power et al [17] | 2012 | Multicentric, retrospective, cohort study | ‘To quantify the carbon footprint of Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)’ | 1 year, consecutive | 2.520.223 surgeries | Minimally invasive (laparoscopic) |
| Cassandra et al | 2014 | Unicentric, prospective, cohort study | ‘To evaluate emissions resulting from surgery’ | 1 year, consecutive | 62 surgeries | Vaginal, laparotomy, laparoscopy, robotics |
| Woods et al [18] | 2015 | Unicentric, retrospective, cohort study | ‘To quantify the carbon footprint of the procedures based on their energy consumed and waste produced’ |
4 years, consecutive |
150 surgeries |
Open, laparoscopic, robotics |
| Cassandra et al [14] | 2018 | Unicentric prospective, cohort study | ‘To determine the carbon footprint of various sustainability interventions used for laparoscopic hysterectomy’ | Monthly, consecutive | 17 surgeries | Laparoscopic |
| Rizan et al [12] | 2021 | Unicentric, observational study | ‘To compare the environmental and financial life cycle cost of currently available hybrid instruments for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and compared these to single-use equivalents’ | N/A | N/A | Laparoscopic |
| Pastore et al [19] | 2022 | Multicentric, retrospective, cohort study | “ assessed and compared the CO2 emissions between Robot-assisted (RALP) and Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (LRP)” | 5 years, consecutive | 223 patients | Laparoscopic, Robotic |
| Ramani et al | 2023 | Unicentric prospective, cohort study |
“ determine carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from nonreusable waste and compare across all types of hysterectomies” |
Monthly, Consecutive (9 Months) | 100 patients | Vaginal, Laparotomy, Laparoscopic, Robotic |
*Non-applicable