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. 2025 Aug 26;16:1647065. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1647065

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and clinical parameter distribution of the study cohort (n = 540).

Feature variable Statistical description Feature variable Statistical description
Demographic characteristics Metabolic diseases
Age [M, (IQR)] 70.0 (59.0–77.0) Type 2 diabetes (total cases) 206 (38.1%)
Sex distribution Diabetes duration
Male [n (%)] 284 (52.6%) <5 years [n (%)] 46 (8.5%)
Female [n (%)] 256 (47.4%) 5–10 years [n (%)] 29 (5.4%)
Vascular risk factors >10 years [n (%)] 79 (14.6%)
Hypertension (total cases) 331 (61.3%) Unrecorded [n (%)] 52 (9.6%)
Grade 1 [n (%)] 38 (7.0%) Laboratory Abnormalities
Grade 2 [n (%)] 91 (16.9%) Elevated uric acid [n (%)] 126 (23.3%)
Grade 3 [n (%)] 196 (36.3%) Cys-C abnormality [n (%)] 109 (20.2%)
Other clinical parameters Elevated creatinine [n (%)] 105 (19.4%)
Hyperlipidemia [n (%)] 269 (49.8%) β2-MG abnormality [n (%)] 118 (21.9%)
Smoking history [n (%)] 178 (33.0%) Cardiovascular Diseases
Alcohol consumption [n (%)] 155 (28.7%) Coronary heart disease [n (%)] 96 (17.8%)

M, Median; IQR, Interquartile range; Cys-C=Cystatin C; β2-MG = β2-microglobulin.