Table 2.
Differences in expression of hypoxia-related proteins, microvasculature and proliferation between different grades of phyllodes tumors
| Marker | Phyllodes tumor | P valuea | ||
| Benign (n = 18) | Borderline (n = 8) | Malignant (n = 11) | ||
| Stroma | ||||
| HIF-1α | 5 (31%) | 3 (38%) | 11 (100%) | 0.001 |
| CAIX | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 0.090 |
| VEGF | 5 (31%) | 3 (38%) | 9 (82%) | 0.016 |
| Ki67 | 1 (6%) | 5 (63%) | 11 (100%) | <0.001 |
| Hot-spot microvessel count | 9/16 (56%) | 2 (25%) | 11 (100%) | 0.003 |
| Global microvessel count | 8/16 (50%) | 2 (25%) | 11 (100%) | 0.002 |
| p53 | 1/18(6%) | 1/8(13%) | 5/11(46%) | 0.025 |
| Epithelium | ||||
| HIF-1α | 7/17 (42%) | 2 (25%) | 6/10 (60%) | 0.323 |
| CAIX | 5 (32%) | 1/7 (14%) | 3/10 (30%) | 0.735 |
| VEGF | 12 (67%) | 5 (63%) | 5/10 (50%) | 0.684 |
| Ki67 | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 1/10 (10%) | 0.655 |
| p53 | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | - |
Due to empty blocks, repeated unsuccessful staining attempts or too little epithelium in a malignant tumor, numbers varied slightly for some stainings. Dichotomized values were used. aUsing the chi-square test, P values below 0.05 were regarded as significant. HIF-1α = hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, CAIX = carbonic anhydrase IX, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.