Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalization, stratified by cardiovascular disease status in the national inpatient sample (2016–2022).

Demographics	Non-CVD	CVD	P-value
	n = 223,239	n = 45,234
Age (mean SD)	39.4 (15.7)	57.0 (15.4)	<0.001
Gender			<0.001
Male	116,142 (52.0)	23,097 (51.1)
Female	107,097 (48.0)	22,137 (48.9)
Race
White	119,839 (53.7)	28,832 (63.7)	<0.001
Black	61,982 (27.8)	11,095 (24.5)
Hispanic	30,491 (13.7)	3,626 (8.0)
Asian or Pacific Islander	2,716 (1.2)	526 (1.2)
Native American and others	82,111 (2.7)	1,155 (2.5)
Admission type
Non-elective	219,235 (98.2)	44,517 (98.4)	0.002
Elective	4,004 (1.8)	717 (1.6)
Income quartile by zip code
Quartile 1 (lowest)	87,879 (39.4)	17,274 (38.2)	<0.001
Quartile 2	60,766 (27.2)	12,289 (27.2)
Quartile 3	46,462 (20.8)	9,559 (21.1)
Quartile 4 (highest)	28,132 (12.6)	6,112 (13.5)
Patient location
Large central metropolitan	67,492 (30.2)	12,661 (28.0)	<0.001
Large fringe metropolitan	47,498 (21.3)	10,047 (22.2)
Medium metropolitan	49,958 (22.4)	10,159 (22.5)
Small metropolitan	21,990 (9.9)	4,708 (10.4)
Micropolitan	21,768 (9.8)	4,497 (9.9)
Noncore	14,533 (6.5)	3,162 (7.0)
Primary expected payer
Medicare	38,013 (17.0)	23,130 (51.1)	<0.001
Medicaid	81,820 (36.7)	10,275 (22.7)
Private insurance	64,802 (29.0)	8,177 (18.1)
Self-pay	29,834 (13.4)	2,411 (5.3)
No charge and others	8,770 (4.0)	1,241 (2.7)
Hospital region
Northeast	32,080 (14.4)	7,471 (16.5)	<0.001
Midwest	45,751 (20.5)	10,484 (23.2)
South	102,129 (45.7)	19,940 (44.1)
West	43,279 (19.4)	7,339 (16.2)
Hospital bed size
Small	55,571 (24.9)	10,426 (23.0)	<0.001
Medium	66,904 (30.0)	13,409 (29.6)
Large	100,764 (45.1)	21,399 (47.3)
Hospital location/teaching status
Rural	55,571 (24.9)	10,426 (23.0)	<0.001
Urban non-teaching	66,904 (30.0)	13,409 (29.6)
Urban teaching	100,764 (45.1)	21,399 (47.3)
Number of medical comorbidities
≤ 3	206,550 (92.5)	33,708 (74.5)	<0.001
>3	16,689 (7.5)	11,526 (25.5)

Data are n (%) or mean ± SD.