Table 3.

Comparison of hospital outcomes in diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalization patients with and without cardiovascular disease subtype in the national inpatient sample (2016–2022).

Variable	Adjusted mean difference*	95% CI	P value
Cardiovascular disease
Length of stay (days)	1.03	0.99–1.07	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	12,931.72	12,496.25–13,367.18	<0.001
Chronic coronary artery disease
Length of stay (days)	0.39	0.24–0.54	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	7,715.03	5,641.80–9,488.25	<0.001
Heart failure
Length of stay (days)	1.35	1.19–1.51	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	17,515.92	15,622.25–19,409.59	<0.001
Pulmonary hypertension
Length of stay (days)	2.10	1.69–2.52	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	26,160.35	21,279.83–31,040.86	<0.001
Cardiomyopathies
Length of stay (days)	0.86	0.60–1.12	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	16,604.50	13,561.77–19,647.23	<0.001
Valvular heart diseases
Length of stay (days)	1.70	1.36–2.03	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	18,769.20	14,843.28–22,695.13	<0.001
Arrhythmia
Length of stay (days)	1.00	0.84–1.16	<0.001
Hospitalization costs ($)	17,331.64	15,503.85–19,159.43	<0.001
Congenital heart disease
Length of stay (days)	0.12	−0.48–0.71	0.70
Hospitalization costs ($)	998.64	−5,996.60–7,993.87	0.78

CI, confidence interval.

^*Model adjusted for age, race, admission type, insurance status, income quartile, patient location, hospital bed size, hospital location/teaching status, number of medical comorbidities, and admission year.