Table 1.

Principal components of the Wingless signaling pathway in Drosophila and their human orthologs

Drosophila	Human
Wingless	Wnts 1-16
Frizzled2	Frizzleds 1-10
Arrow	LRP5, and LRP6
Dishevelled	Dvl-1, Dvl-2, and Dvl-3
Axin	Axin-1 and Axin-2
APC, APC2	APC and APC2
Zw3/Shaggy	GSK3
Armadillo	β-catenin
Pangolin/dTCF	TCFs 1-4

There is greater redundancy of Wnt pathway components in humans than in Drosophila. In addition to Wingless and Frizzled2, there are six other Wnt proteins in Drosophila and three other Frizzled family members. In contrast, humans have 16 Wnts and 10 Frizzleds. There are two APC paralogs in both species, but other components downstream of Frizzled in Drosophila are unique. APC, the adenomatous polyposis coli protein; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; Zw3, zeste-white 3.