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. 2025 Sep 3;13:e19929. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19929

Table 2. Total diffusive CO2 and CH4 flux in Terengganu River and the estimated contributions from specific anthropogenic activities.

Sampling period CO2 (mmol m−2 d−1 ) median ± std Total river emission (Mmol d−1 ) Contribution (%)
Dam discharge Sand extraction Other
Mar-18 7.5 ± 7.1 0.08 8 49 43
Apr-18 26 ± 42 0.43 10 71 18
Apr-19 37 ± 14 0.40 24 32 45
Average contribution (%) 14 51 35
CH4 (mmol m−2 d−1)
Mar-18 0.5 ± 3.0 0.01 55 38 7
Apr-18 1.0 ± 5.7 0.03 16 79 5
Apr-19 0.3 ± 0.4 0.003 18 47 35
Average contribution (%) 30 55 15