Table 2. Baseline NLR association with treatment.

Treatment	Lymphocyte_Count_1 (Mean ± SD)	Neutrophil_Count_1 (Mean ± SD)	Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (Mean ± SD)	Beta	p-value (NLR)
Hydroxychloroquine	2.25 ± 0.74	7.88 ± 4.20	8.33 ± 8.94	−0.042	0.620
Chloroquine	2.02 ± 0.59	8.14 ± 4.42	8.86 ± 7.71	−0.013	0.762
Azithromycin	2.36 ± 5.10	8.25 ± 4.52	8.81 ± 8.84	−0.008	0.339
Kaletra	2.26 ± 0.90	8.12 ± 4.24	8.50 ± 7.89	−0.029	0.602
Tocilizumab	2.17 ± 0.63	7.67 ± 4.00	8.27 ± 8.63	−0.081	0.031**
Favipiravir	2.25 ± 0.74	7.99 ± 3.88	9.01 ± 9.78	−0.028	0.321
Remdesivir	1.93 ± 0.48	7.96 ± 3.38	9.82 ± 7.13	−0.021	0.426
Ribavirin	2.22 ± 0.88	8.35 ± 4.74	9.20 ± 9.13	−0.066	0.115
IVIG	2.21 ± 0.72	7.97 ± 4.76	7.68 ± 5.45	−0.000	0.995
Interferon	2.31 ± 0.99	8.04 ± 4.42	8.12 ± 6.97	0.068	0.050
Ostilomavir	2.78 ± 9.22	8.02 ± 4.22	7.54 ± 5.33	−0.091	0.004**
β-Lactam/BLI	2.24 ± 0.77	7.79 ± 3.94	8.30 ± 8.24	0.054	0.055
Cephalosporine	2.46 ± 6.14	8.10 ± 4.57	8.38 ± 8.40	−0.008	0.771
Carbapenem	2.50 ± 6.77	8.16 ± 4.24	8.48 ± 7.85	−0.046	0.175
Aminoglycosides	2.46 ± 1.09	7.81 ± 3.23	8.38 ± 8.40	−0.002	0.945
Colistin	2.28 ± 0.72	8.18 ± 4.22	8.24 ± 7.52	−0.026	0.399
Ceftalazone-Avibactam	2.20 ± 0.61	9.40 ± 5.49	10.15 ± 10.56	−0.020	0.506
Ceftazidime-Tazobactam	2.18 ± 0.48	9.37 ± 4.48	9.26 ± 8.27	−0.012	0.667
Vancomycin	2.51 ± 7.21	8.15 ± 4.23	8.63 ± 7.84	−0.021	0.476
Linezolid	2.22 ± 0.72	8.30 ± 4.43	9.44 ± 8.91	−0.064	0.029**
Antifungal	2.22 ± 0.59	7.91 ± 4.30	8.31 ± 8.49	0.007	0.796

Notes.

NLR values represent baseline measurements at ICU admission (Day 1). Significance (p-value) reflects differences in baseline NLR between patients who received the specified treatment versus those who did not, derived from a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidities. This analysis does not evaluate longitudinal NLR changes post-treatment.

^**Shows statistical significance, p < 0.05.