Table 4.

Clinician-Informed Strategies Based on Study Theme

Study Theme	Clinician-Informed Strategies
Theme 1: Clinical Protocols SEM levels: Individual, interpersonal, systems	• Standardizing the use, implementation, audits, and de-escalation of protocols • Measuring the effectiveness of protocols over time and tailoring them as needed
Theme 2: Clinician Conflict in Addressing WPV SEM levels: Interpersonal, systems	• Providing nurses with autonomy to advance care protocols (e.g., pain management, WPV workflows) without physician approval • Outward support by hospital administrators for clinicians’ decision-making promoting workplace safety and reducing WPV
Theme 3: Social Vulnerability in Emergency Care SEM levels: Interpersonal, systems	• Healthcare institution collaboration with communities to identify social and health care needs • Developing resources outside of the ED to address social needs • Elevating community voices to address social vulnerability
Theme 4: Resources and Throughput SEM levels: Systems	• Safely staffing nurses in EDs • Holding hospitals accountable to minimize hospital crowding as a contributor to WPV • Transparent reporting of nurse staffing levels • Transparent reporting of hospital crowding measures
Theme 5: Presence and Responsibility of Security SEM levels: Interpersonal, systems	• Training security in health- and trauma-informed care and de-escalation approaches • Involving security in WPV protocols • Measuring the frequency and type of security interventions to ensure that security presence is minimized • Implementing cross-disciplinary training among security personnel and health care professionals

Note. ED, emergency department.