Table 6.

Detailed measures used in the included studies.

Study	Construct	Physiological or behavioral measures	Self-report tools
Brun and Wioland [30]	Stress	—a	Interviews
Storm et al [31]	Cognitive workload	HRVb	—
Amanhound et al [32]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLXc
Aromaa et al [49]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Fraboni et al [54]	Cognitive workload	—	Single item from the NASA-TLX
Kalatzis et al [68]	Stress and cognitive workload	Stress: HRV; cognitive workload: —	Stress: —; cognitive workload: SARTd
Lemasurier et al [33]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Tan et al [43]	Cognitive workload	SPRe	—
Memar and Esfahani [34]	Anxiety	EEGf	—
Arai et al [44]	Stress	SPR	Semantic differential questionnaire
Baxter et al [51]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Brunzini et al [55]	Cognitive workload and stress	—	Cognitive workload: NASA-TLX; stress: NASg
Chacón et al [71]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Dehais et al [69]	Stress	GSRh	VASi
Eimontaite et al [52]	Anxiety	Facial expression analysis	RASj
Fournier et al [70]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Fujita et al [45]	Stress	SPR	Semantic differential questionnaire devised ad hoc
Gervasi et al [56]	Stress	SCRsk	SAMl
Gualtieri et al [57]	Stress and cognitive workload	—	Questionnaire devised ad hoc, interviews, and observations
Koppenborg et al [46]	Stress, anxiety, and cognitive workload	—	SAM, STAI-Sm, and NASA-TLX
Hopko et al [35]	Stress and cognitive workload	Stress: HRV; cognitive workload: —	Stress: —; cognitive workload: SART and NASA-TLX
Luo et al [36]	Cognitive workload	Eye and pupil tracking	—
Mariscal et al [72]	Cognitive workload	Eye tracking	NASA-TLX
Messeri et al [58]	Stress and anxiety	—	PANASn and STAIo
Panchetti et al [59]	Stress and cognitive workload	Stress: —; cognitive workload: eye tracking	Stress: Short Stress State Questionnaire; cognitive workload: NASA-TLX
Pollak et al [73]	Stress	HRV	PASAp
Pluchino et al [60]	Cognitive workload	Eye tracking and HRV	NASA-TLX
Rossato et al [61]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX (frustration subscale)
Ustunel and Gunduz [74]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Van Dijk et al [75]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Zakeri et al [53]	Anxiety and cognitive workload	Anxiety: EEG; cognitive workload: EEG and fNIRSq	Anxiety: —; cognitive workload: NASA-TLX
Arntz et al [47]	Stress and cognitive workload	—	Stress: PSSr; cognitive workload: NASA-TLX (frustration subscale)
Bettoni et al [62]	Stress and cognitive workload	HRV, electrodermal activity, and skin temperature	Questionnaire adapted from the NASA-TLX
Eyam et al [50]	Stress	EEG	—
Gervasi et al [63]	Stress	HRV and SCLs	—
Rahman [37]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Nenna et al [64]	Cognitive workload	Eye tracking	NASA-TLX
Sadrfaridpour and Wang [38]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Sadrfaridpour et al [39]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Zhao et al [40]	Stress and anxiety	HRV	—
Lagomarsino et al [65]	Cognitive workload	HRV	—
Lagomarsino et al [66]	Stress and cognitive workload	GSR, SCL, and SCR	Stress: —; cognitive workload: NASA-TLX
Hopko et al [41]	Cognitive workload	fNIRS	NASA-TLX
Pantano et al [48]	Cognitive workload	—	NASA-TLX
Messeri et al [67]	Stress	HRV	—
Rajavenkatanarayanan et al [42]	Stress and anxiety	SCL and EEG	—

^aNot applicable.

^bHRV: heart rate variability.

^cNASA-TLX: NASA Task Load Index.

^dSART: Situation Awareness Rating Technique.

^eSPR: skin potential response.

^fEEG: electroencephalography.

^gNAS: numerical analogue scale.

^hGSR: galvanic skin response.

ⁱVAS: visual analogue scale.

^jRAS: Robot Anxiety Scale.

^kSCR: skin conductance response.

^lSAM: Self-Assessment Manikin.

^mSTAI-S: short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

ⁿPANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.

^oSTAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

^pPASA: Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal.

^qfNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

^rPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.

^sSCL: skin conductance level.