3T3-L1	Preadipocyte cell line derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts
ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AGEs	Advanced glycation end-products
Akt	Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt
AP-1	Activator protein 1 (transcription factor complex including c-Jun and c-Fos)
Ap2	Adipocyte protein 2 (also known as FABP4—fatty acid binding protein 4)
Apoe−/− mice	Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (model of atherosclerosis)
APTT	Activated partial thromboplastin time
BAT	Brown adipose tissue
BMI	Body mass index
C/EBP	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
CCI	Chronic Constriction Injury
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CD (np. CD7, CD8α, CD14 itd.)	Cluster of differentiation
CD1 mice	Nice-type CD1
CD128a/CXCR1	CXC chemokine receptor 1
CD128b/CXCR2	CXC chemokine receptor 2
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
COX-2	Cycloxygenase
CPT-1	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CRP	C-reactive protein
CTLA-4	Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
CU/mL	Casein units per milliliter
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
EC	Enzyme Commission Number
EP	Leptin gene expression
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERK, JNK, MAPK, p38	Protein kinases involved in cellular signaling pathways
ESRD	End-stage renal disease
FAS	Fatty acid synthase
FD 4	Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4
FFAs	Free fatty acids
FIB	Fibrinogen
FIP unit	Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique unit
Gia1	Inhibitory G protein alpha subunit 1
GLUT-2	Glucose transporter type 2
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
HC	Hip circumference
HDL-C	High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
hDPCs	Human dental pulp cells
HFD	High-fat diet
Hgb1c	Glycated hemoglobin
HGFs	Human gingival fibroblasts
HIPEs	High internal phase emulsions
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
HSL	Hormone-sensitive lipase
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IL-8	Interleukin 8
IL-10	Interleukin 10
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IR	Insulin resistance
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
JNK	C-Jun N-terminal kinase
LDL-C	Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPL	Lipoprotein lipase
M1	Classically activated (pro-inflammatory) macrophages
M2	Alternatively activated (anti-inflammatory) macrophages
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCL	Mitotic clonal expansion
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
M-CSF	Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MIP-1α	Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha
MIP-1β	Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta
MLCK	Myosin light chain kinase
MMP-8, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinases
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
mTORC1	Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NK	Natural killer cells
NO	Nitric oxide
OA	Osteoarthritis
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
p38	p38 MAP kinase (a subfamily of MAPK)
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PCOS	Polycystic ovary syndrome
PDE3B	Phosphodiesterase 3B
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PPARγ (PPARc)	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PT	Prothrombin time
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand
RAAS	Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
SBM	Stem bromelain
SRBC	Sheep red blood cells
SREBP-1c	Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
T cells	T lymphocytes
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TC	Total cholesterol
TER	Transepithelial electrical resistance
TG	Triglyceride
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TSC2	Tuberous sclerosis complex 2
UC/mL	Enzymatic activity unit concentration
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
ICAM-1	Intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1
WAT	White adipose tissue
WC	Waist circumference
WHR	Waist-to-hip ratio