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. 2025 Aug 26;26(17):8281. doi: 10.3390/ijms26178281
ESBLs Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
KPC Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
MDR Multidrug-resistant
ECDC European Centre for Disease Control
XDR Extended multidrug-resistant
PDR Pandrug-resistant
NDM New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamases
CHDL Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D beta-lactamases
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
PFGE Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
AST Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
DDST Double disk diffusion method