A. muciniphila	Akkermansia muciniphila
ABCA1	ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
ABCG2	ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2
ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Akt	Protein kinase B (also part of PI3K-Akt pathway)
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ApoA-I	Apolipoprotein A-I
ApoE	Apolipoprotein E
AS	Atherosclerosis
ASBT	Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
ASCVD	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ATG16L1	Autophagy related 16 like 1
B. uniformis	Bacteroides uniformis
bai	Bile acid-inducible (operon)
BARs	Bile acid receptors
BAs	Bile acids
B-GOS	Bifidobacterial-galacto-oligosaccharides
BSH	Bile salt hydrolase
CA	Cholic acid
CAR	Constitutive androstane receptor
CD14	Cluster of differentiation 14
CD204	Cluster of differentiation 204
CD36	Cluster of differentiation 36
CDCA	Chenodeoxycholic acid
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
CRC	Colorectal cancer
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CYP27A1	Cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1
CYP7A1	Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1
CYP7B1	Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1
DCA	Deoxycholic acid
DCs	Dendritic cells
DIP	Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide
DMB	3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol
E. coli	Escherichia coli
EDH	Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
ENS	Enteric nervous system
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ERK1/2	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
F. prausnitzii	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
F/B	Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (ratio)
FASN	Fatty acid synthase
FFAR2	Free fatty acid receptor 2
FFAR3	Free fatty acid receptor 3
FMC	Fluoromethylcholine
FMO3	Flavin monooxygenase 3
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
FOXP3	Forkhead box P3
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GF	Germ-free
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide 1
GPCR	G-protein coupled receptor
GPR41	G-protein coupled receptor 41
H. pylori	Helicobacter pylori
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HDACs	Histone deacetylases
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HFD	High-fat diet
HGM	Human gut microbiome
HMG-CoA	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
HSDH	Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
I3C	Indole-3-carbinol
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IEC	Intestinal epithelial cell
IECs	Intestinal epithelial cells
IFIT1	Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1
IgA	Immunoglobulin A
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IL-1	Interleukin-1
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-8	Interleukin-8
IMC	Iodomethylcholine
isoalloLCA	Isoallolithocholic acid
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LAL	Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate
LBP	Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
LCA	Lithocholic acid
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LDLr	Low-density lipoprotein receptor
LL-37	Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
LOX-1	Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1
LPS	Lipopolysaccharides
M1	Macrophage type 1
M2	Macrophage type 2
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
MCT1	Monocarboxylate transporter 1
MCT4	Monocarboxylate transporter 4
MD-2	Myeloid differentiation factor 2
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MRSA	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
mtROS	Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
MUC2	Mucin 2
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NEU1	Neuraminidase 1
NET	Neutrophil extracellular trap
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NK	Natural killer
NKT	Natural killer T
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
NO	Nitric oxide
NOD1	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1
NOD1/2	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/2
NOD2	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2
NPC1L1	Niemann-Pick C1-like 1
NR4A1	Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1
NR4A2	Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
Olfr78	Olfactory receptor 78
OSTα/OSTβ	Organic solute transporter alpha/beta
oxLDL	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
P. gingivalis	Porphyromonas gingivalis
PAF	Platelet-activating factor
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PD-L1	Programmed death-ligand 1
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykina
Biomarker	A measurable biological parameter that reflects physiological or pathological processes, or response to a therapeutic intervention.
Dysbiosis	An imbalance in gut microbiota composition, diversity, or function, associated with disease states.
Eubiosis	A balanced microbial community structure compatible with health and homeostasis.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)	Therapeutic transfer of stool from a healthy donor to a patient in order to restore microbiota balance.
Gut microbiota	The community of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea) inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract.
Microbiota-derived metabolites	Small molecules produced by microbial metabolism (e.g., TMAO, SCFAs, bile acids) that can affect host physiology.
SCFAs (Short-chain fatty acids)	Fermentation products of dietary fibers by gut microbiota, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate.
TMAO (Trimethylamine N-oxide)	A gut microbiota-derived metabolite from dietary choline and carnitine, associated with cardiovascular risk.