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. 2025 Sep 4;15(17):1369. doi: 10.3390/nano15171369
ZnO Zinc Oxide
RE Rare-Earth
La Lanthanum
Er Erbium
Sm Samarium
XRD X-ray Diffraction
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
UV–Vis Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
PL Photoluminescence
Eg Optical Bandgap Energy
λ Wavelength
D Crystallite Size
ε Microstrain
δ Dislocation Density
τZnO Crystallite Size of ZnO phase from Rietveld refinement
τsecondary Crystallite Size of Secondary Phase
εZnO Microstrain of ZnO phase from Rietveld refinement
εsecondary Microstrain of Secondary Phase
nm Nanometer
eV Electron Volt
at.% Atomic Percent
Tauc plot Graphical Method to Estimate Bandgap from UV–Vis Absorption
O2 Molecular Oxygen
RE:ZnO Rare-Earth-Doped ZnO Thin Film