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. 2025 Sep 3;17(17):2860. doi: 10.3390/nu17172860
T2D Type 2 Diabetes
IDF International Diabetes Federation
HbA1c Glycated Hemoglobin
PCr Phosphocreatine
CK Creatine Kinase
CRTR Creatine Transporter
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
PGC-1α Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha
NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa B
p38 MAPK P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
IL-1β Interleukin-1 Beta
STAT1/3 Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1/3
IGF-1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
GH Growth Hormone
mTORC1 Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1
GLUT4 Glucose Transporter Type 4
Akt/PKB Protein Kinase B
Rac1 Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1
CaMK Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase
IRS Insulin Receptor Substrate
WHO World Health Organization
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment Of Insulin Resistance
CrM Creatine Monohydrate
ISSN International Society Of Sports Nutrition
Cmax Maximum Plasma Concentration
Tmax Time To Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration
AUC Area Under The Curve
CEE Creatine Ethyl Ester
DDInter Drug–Drug Interaction Database