Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 31;17(17):2841. doi: 10.3390/nu17172841
EFSA European Food Safety Authority
IOM Institute of Medicine
SSB(s) Sugar-sweetened beverage(s)
SMM Skeletal muscle mass
ICW Intracellular water
TBW/BW Total body water/body weight
RAA Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
AVP Arginine vasopressin
V2 Vasopressin type 2
HPA Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging
BEVQ-15 Beverage Intake Questionnaire (15-item)
AI Adequate intake
TWI Total water intake
WHO World Health Organization
AAP American Academy of Pediatrics
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NIH National Institute of Public Health
ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
EU European Union
ED Energy drink
CHO Carbohydrates
Liq.In7 Liquid Intake 7-day record project
mOsm/kg milliosmoles per kilogram