| DAB | 3,3’-diaminobenzidine |
| FT-IR | Fourier-transform infrared |
| ATR | Attenuated total reflectance |
| MALDI-TOF-MS | Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry |
| ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| HOMA-IR | Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
| AUC | Area under the curve |
| HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
| ABEE | 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester |