Table 1.

The results of meta-regression

Outcome indicators	Male proportion (≥50% male)	Age >50 years	Operative duration >80 min	Sample size ≥100	Publication year ≥2024	Operated segments ≥3
Postoperative leg VAS	P = 0.06	P = 0.80	P = 0.17	P = 0.71	P = 0.15	P = 0.43
Postoperative back VAS	P = 0.27	P = 0.15	P = 0.93	P = 0.27	P = 0.15	P = 0.27
Postoperative ODI	P = 0.70	P = 0.07	P = 0.44	P = 0.02*	P = 0.78	P = 0.44
3-month leg VAS	P = 0.57	P = 0.29	P = 0.78	P = 0.60	P = 0.25	P = 0.74
3-month back VAS	P = 0.36	P = 0.02*	P = 0.43	P = 0.10	P = 0.42	P = 0.36
3-month ODI	P = 0.03*	P = 0.28	P = 0.32	P = 0.23	P = 0.05*	P = 0.04*
6-month leg VAS	P = 0.80	P = 0.60	P = 0.80	P = 0.91	P = 0.10	P = 0.80
6-month back VAS	NA	P = 0.75	NA	NA	P = 0.37	NA
6-month ODI	P = 0.51	P = 0.10	P = 0.51	P = 0.29	P = 0.89	P = 0.29
12-month leg VAS	P = 0.73	P = 0.83	P = 0.55	P = 0.60	P = 0.38	P = 0.83
12-month back VAS	P = 0.74	NA	P = 0.97	NA	P = 0.24	P = 0.74
12-month ODI	P = 0.70	P = 0.19	P = 0.81	P = 0.69	P = 0.79	P = 0.69
Complications	P = 0.85	P = 0.79	P = 0.68	P = 0.81	P = 0.75	P = 0.95
Clinical satisfaction (MacNab criteria)	P = 0.79	P = 0.46	P = 0.87	P = 0.24	P = 0.67	P = 0.70

^*P < 0.05.