Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Study design | Country | Sample size | Age | Surgical segment | Gender (male/female) | First ambulation time | Postoperative hospital stay (day) | Follow-up duration (month) | Complications | MacNab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen 2024 | Retrospective | China | 30 | 41.2 ± 15 | L3-S1 | 12/8 | 6 hours | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 12 | 2 | 26 |
| Su 2025 | Retrospective | China | 20 | 50.4 ± 14 | L3-S1 | 9/1 | 2 days | NA | 6 | 1 | 19 |
| Li 2024 | Retrospective | China | 109 | 53.3 ± 8.2 | L3-S1 | 47/62 | 2 days | 5.3 ± 3.7 | 19.6 ± 7.2 | 10 | 97 |
| Zhu 2022 | Retrospective | China | 19 | 39.1 ± 7.75 | L4-S1 | 2/7 | 3 days | NA | 8.2 ± 1 | 0 | 18 |
| Wang 2022 | Retrospective | China | 101 | 37.9 ± 13 | L3-S1 | 60/41 | 1 day | 5.23 ± 2.84 | 6 | 7 | NA |
| Shen 2024 | Retrospective | China | 54 | 38.7 ± 9.2 | L4-S1 | 32/22 | 2.4 ± 0.57 hours | 3.8 ± 0.61 | 10.69 ± 2.49 | 0 | 52 |
| Zhu 2023 | Retrospective | China | 32 | 54.5 ± 13.2 | L4-S1 | 17/15 | 12 hours | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 6 | 0 | 30 |
| Xu 2023 | Retrospective | China | 17 | 59.2 ± 6.5 | L4-S1 | 9/8 | 1 day | 2 ± 0.5 | 10–24 | 7 | 17 |
| Chang 2022 | Retrospective | China | 42 | 36.3 ± 12.2 | L4-S1 | 8/34 | 2.9 ± 0.9 days | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 12 | 6 | 39 |
| Wu 2024 | Retrospective | China | 31 | 58.5 ± 13.2 | L4-S1 | 16/15 | 1 day | 4.5 ± 2.6 | 8.6 ± 2.9 | 1 | 28 |
| Zhu 2023 | Retrospective | China | 100 | 54.44 ± 13.37 | Not reported | 54/46 | 1 day | NA | 12 | NA | 75 |
| Duong 2023 | Retrospective | Vietnam | 46 | 49.5 ± 11.8 | L2-S1 | 18/28 | 1 day | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 1–6 | 3 | 44 |
| Qin 2025 | Retrospective | China | 72 | 73.2 ± 8.5 | L3-S1 | 43/29 | 2–6 hours | NA | 14.2 ± 1.9 | 3 | 65 |
| Zuo 2022 | Retrospective | China | 42 | 45.57 ± 11.15 | L5-S1 | 23/19 | 4 hours | 6.88 ± 1.85 | 12 | 1 | NA |
NA, not applicable.