. 2025 Sep 12;15:32476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-18746-9

Table 3.

Characteristics of the studies included into qualitative and quantitative synthesis.

Study	Participants	Motor Task	Conditions	Outcomes
Borotikar et al. 2008⁴⁹	N = 24 females (21 ± 3 years; 176 ± 5 cm; 68 ± 7 kg); NCAA Division 1 (football/soccer, basketball, volleyball)**	Single-leg landing and sidestep/jump (both limbs assessed and single-leg landings analysed) - land on left foot, immediately and aggressively jump laterally to the right (jumping/cutting angle unclear) - jump off the right foot, laterally to the left - land on both feet and jump vertically	Visual (light) stimulus UP: following take-off (350 ms prior to ground contact) PP: before initiation of the jump (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact * 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane) Maximum during (mid-)stance phase (approx. at 50%): * 3D ankle angles (frontal plane)
Meinerz et al. 2015⁵⁰	N = 18 females (20 ± 1 yrs.; 167 ± 6 cm; 66 ± 2 kg); NCAA Division (football/soccer) **	Single-leg landing and sidestep/cut (dominant limb and sidecut analyzed) standing on a box and perform a single-leg forward stride to land on the dominant leg and then: - running straight ahead - stop and balance on the leg - sidecut away from landing leg (cutting angle unclear)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: stimulus, when the participant fully left the contact mat (available response time unclear) PP: prior to trial-initiation (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact: * 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane) From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***** 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal, transverse plane)
Mache et al. 2013⁵⁶	N = 13 females (22 ± 1 yrs.; 172 ± 0.1 cm; 61 ± 6 kg) and N = 16 men (22 ± 3 yrs.; 180 ± 0.1 cm; 79 ± 10 kg); recreational athletes	Bilateral landing with/without vertical jump (dominant limb assessed) Participants began each trial suspended in the air, hanging by the hands from a horizontal overhead bar (hanging ~ 20% of measured body height above force plates): - drop-jump landings (maintain stance/balance upon landing) - drop-jumps (jump up immediately upon landing and attempt to touch the bar)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: stimulus, when the participant released the bar (~ 250 ms before ground contact) PP: prior to releasing the bar (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact and from initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***** 3D ankle angles (sagittal and frontal plane) From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***** 3D ankle moments (sagittal and frontal frontal)
Yom et al. 2018⁵⁷	N = 18 females (21 ± 2 yrs.; 169 ± 4 cm; 63 ± 4 kg); recreational athletes	Bilateral landing and sidestep/cut (dominant limb assessed) Participants hung from a suspended drop bar at a normalised 0.5 m drop height above force plates: - land on both feet and sidecut to the left (45° angle) - land on both feet and sidecut to the right (45° angle)	Visual (arrow) stimulus UP: stimulus, when the participant released the bar (~ 320 ms before ground contact) PP: prior to releasing the bar (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact * 3D ankle angles (frontal plane) From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***** 3D ankle angles (frontal plane)
Weinhandl et al. 2013⁵⁸	N = 20 females (21 ± 1 yrs.; 166 ± 5 cm; 62 ± 6 kg); recreational athletes (e.g. soccer, volleyball, tennis, basketball	Run and sidestep/cut (right limb assessed and sidecut analysed) - run and straight run ahead - run and sidestep to the left (45°) - run and stop quickly (approach speed: 4.5 to 5 m/s)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 600 ms before reaching the force plate PP: before the initiation of the run (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Weight acceptance/loading response phase (at peak ACL loading): ******* - 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal plane)
Stoffel et al. 2010⁵¹	N = 22 males (22 ± 2 yrs.; 185 ± 0.1 cm; 83 ± 7 kg); Semi-professional or elite Australian Rules Football players **	Run and sidestep/cut and straight run (dominant limb, straight run and sidestep/cut analysed) - run and straight run - run and sidestep (45°) - run and crossover cut (45°) (approach speed: 5.5 ± 0.5 m/s)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 400 ms before reaching the force plate PP: at the commencement of the run (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): ******* - 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)
Whyte et al. (B)⁵⁵	N = 28 males (21.7 ± 2 yrs.; 179 ± 15 m; 82 ± 11 kg) *; University Gaelic Football	Single-leg landing and sidestep/cut (dominant limb and sidecut analyzed) Horizontal jump equaling 70% of the maximal jump distance and then: - crossover cut (45°) - sidecut (45°) - stop jump	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 150 ms prior to initial contact PP: three seconds before the initiation of the task (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): *** - 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal and transverse plane)
Whyte et al. (A)⁵⁴	N = 28 males (21.7 ± 2 yrs.; 179 ± 15 m; 82 ± 11 kg) *; University Gaelic Football	Single-leg landing and crossover cut (dominant limb and crosscut analyzed) Horizontal jump equaling 70% of the maximal jump distance and then: - crossover cut (45°) - sidecut (45°) - stop jump	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 150 ms prior to initial contact PP: three seconds before the initiation of the task (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): *** - 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal and frontal plane)
Richwalski et al. 2019⁵³	N = 12 females (20 ± 1 yrs.; 170 cm; 71 ± 10 kg); Volleyball at collegiate club-level	Bilateral landing and crossover cut or vertical jump (dominant limb assessed) Drop from a 40 cm box and land on both feet and then: - crossover step left - crossover step right - vertical jump	Visual (arrow) stimulus UP: while stepping of the box (available response time unclear) PP: prior to leaving the box (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact to max. knee flexion: ******* 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)
Kim et al. 2014⁴⁸	N = 37 young, male middle school football/soccer players (expertise level, exact age, and anthropometrics unclear)	Run and side/crossover step/cut (dominant limb assessed) - run and sidecut (45°) - run and crossover cut (45°) (approach speed: 3.5 ± 0.2 m/s)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 90% of stride length before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 250 to 350 ms) PP: before the initiation of the run (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Maximum during (mid-)stance phase: *** - 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)
Kim et al. 2016⁴⁷	N = 16 young, male middle school football/soccer players (expertise level unclear; 165 ± 9 cm; 55 ± 10 kg; exact age unclear)	Run and side step/cut (dominant limb assessed) - run and sidecut left (45°) - run and sidecut right (45°) (approach speed 3.5 ± 0.2 m/s)	Visual (light) stimulus UP: 90% of stride length before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 250 to 350 ms) PP: before the initiation of the run (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Weight acceptance/loading response phase (approx. at 8%) and max. during (mid-)stance phase (approx. at 45%): *** - 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane) - 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)
Hou et al. 2024⁵⁹	N = 15 physically (recreational) active participants (n = 7 females; age: 24 ± 6 years, BMI: 23 ± 4 kg/m²)	Bilateral countermovement-jump with single-leg landing (both limbs assessed) - landing on the left side - landing on the right side	Visual (written word) stimulus UP: landing side (left or right) automatically shown 100 ms after take-off (available response time: ~ 400 ms) PP: landing side (left or right) shown before jump (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	~ 20 ms prior initial contact ***** 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane) Peak within 200 ms upon landing (~ 120 ms after initial contact): ***** 3D ankle angles (sagittal and frontal plane)
Zou et al. 2024⁵²	N = 21 female college soccer players (national level or above; all had finished top three national competitions), age: 18 ± 1 years; height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m; weight: 60.1 ± 5.5 kg **	Run and cutting (dominant limb assessed) - run and sidecut (45°) - run and crosscut (90°) - run and pivot turn (180°) (approach speed: 2.6 ± 0.3 m/s)	Visual (arrow) stimulus UP: 2 m before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 750 ms) PP: before the initiation of the run (3 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact and first peak vGRF/weight acceptance/loading response phase) *** 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)
Rikken et al. 2024⁶⁰	N = 15 male basketball players (local, regional, national level), age: 22 ± 2 years; height: 1.89 ± 11 m; weight: 85 ± 12 kg	Run and side step/cut (dominant limb assessed) - run and sidecut left (90°) - run and sidecut right (90°) (approach speed: unclear)	Visual (light) stimulus Each trial involved two sidestep cuts: the first with the non-dominant leg after an 8.35 m sprint (Fitlight#2), and the second—a 90° cut with the dominant leg (Fitlight#3) following a 3.5 m sprint. The trial ended with another 3.5 m sprint (available response time: unclear) UP: route indicated when reaching Fitlight#2 (available response time not reported) PP: route indicated during the entire trial (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Initial contact* 3D ankle angles (plantarflexion; sagittal plane) Peak between initial contact and max. knee flexion* 3D ankle angles (dorsiflexion; sagittal plane) (IMU-based system; Xsens MVN Analyze)
Dutaillis et al. 2021⁶¹	N = 19 recreationally active females (age, 24 ± 3yrs; height, 164 ± 5 cm; and weight, 58 ± 6 kg), type of sports (e.g. Soccer, Australian Rules football and gymnastics)	Single-leg landing and cutting (both limbs assessed) forward jump off a 0.31 m box placed 1.35 m from the centre of the force plate, landing on a single limb and immediately: - sidecut to the left (45°) - sidecut to the right (45°)	Visual stimulus UP: 450 ms before initial contact PP: before the initiation of the jump (2 stimuli indicating motor task)	Peak during stance phase (~ 60–80%) - 3D ankle angles (dorsiflexion; sagittal plane) - 3D ankle angles (inversion; frontal plane)

Study

Participants

Motor Task

Conditions

Outcomes

Borotikar et al. 2008⁴⁹

N = 24 females

(21 ± 3 years; 176 ± 5 cm; 68 ± 7 kg); NCAA Division 1 (football/soccer, basketball, volleyball)**

Single-leg landing and sidestep/jump (both limbs assessed and single-leg landings analysed)

- land on left foot, immediately and aggressively jump laterally to the right (jumping/cutting angle unclear)

- jump off the right foot, laterally to the left

- land on both feet and jump vertically

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: following take-off (350 ms prior to ground contact)

PP: before initiation of the jump

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal plane)

Maximum during (mid-)stance phase (approx. at 50%): ***

3D ankle angles (frontal plane)

Meinerz et al. 2015⁵⁰

N = 18 females

(20 ± 1 yrs.; 167 ± 6 cm; 66 ± 2 kg); NCAA Division (football/soccer) **

Single-leg landing and sidestep/cut

(dominant limb and sidecut analyzed)

standing on a box and perform a single-leg forward stride to land on the dominant leg and then:

- running straight ahead

- stop and balance on the leg

- sidecut away from landing leg (cutting angle unclear)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: stimulus, when the participant fully left the contact mat (available response time unclear)

PP: prior to trial-initiation

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact: ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***

3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal, transverse plane)

Mache et al. 2013⁵⁶

N = 13 females

(22 ± 1 yrs.; 172 ± 0.1 cm; 61 ± 6 kg) and N = 16 men (22 ± 3 yrs.; 180 ± 0.1 cm; 79 ± 10 kg); recreational athletes

Bilateral landing with/without vertical jump

(dominant limb assessed)

Participants began each trial suspended in the air, hanging by the hands from a horizontal overhead bar (hanging ~ 20% of measured body height above force plates):

- drop-jump landings (maintain stance/balance upon landing)

- drop-jumps (jump up

immediately upon landing and attempt to touch the bar)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: stimulus, when the participant released the bar (~ 250 ms before ground contact)

PP: prior to releasing the bar

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact and from initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal and frontal plane)

From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***

3D ankle moments (sagittal and frontal frontal)

Yom et al. 2018⁵⁷

N = 18 females (21 ± 2 yrs.; 169 ± 4 cm; 63 ± 4 kg); recreational athletes

Bilateral landing and sidestep/cut

(dominant limb assessed)

Participants hung from a suspended drop bar at a normalised 0.5 m drop height above force plates:

- land on both feet and sidecut to the left (45° angle)

- land on both feet and sidecut to the right

(45° angle)

Visual (arrow) stimulus

UP: stimulus, when the participant released the bar (~ 320 ms before ground contact)

PP: prior to releasing the bar

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact ***

3D ankle angles (frontal plane)

From initial contact to max. knee or hip flexion: ***

3D ankle angles (frontal plane)

Weinhandl et al. 2013⁵⁸

N = 20 females (21 ± 1 yrs.; 166 ± 5 cm; 62 ± 6 kg); recreational athletes (e.g. soccer, volleyball, tennis, basketball

Run and sidestep/cut

(right limb assessed and sidecut analysed)

- run and straight run ahead

- run and sidestep to the left (45°)

- run and stop quickly

(approach speed: 4.5 to 5 m/s)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 600 ms before reaching the force plate

PP: before the initiation of the run

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Weight acceptance/loading response phase (at peak ACL loading): ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal plane)

Stoffel et al. 2010⁵¹

N = 22 males

(22 ± 2 yrs.; 185 ± 0.1 cm; 83 ± 7 kg);

Semi-professional or elite Australian Rules Football players **

Run and sidestep/cut and straight run

(dominant limb, straight run and sidestep/cut analysed)

- run and straight run

- run and sidestep (45°)

- run and crossover cut (45°)

(approach speed: 5.5 ± 0.5 m/s)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 400 ms before reaching the force plate

PP: at the commencement of the run

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

Whyte et al. (B)⁵⁵

N = 28 males (21.7 ± 2 yrs.; 179 ± 15 m; 82 ± 11 kg) *;

University Gaelic Football

Single-leg landing and sidestep/cut

(dominant limb and sidecut analyzed)

Horizontal jump equaling 70% of the maximal jump distance and then:

- crossover cut (45°)

- sidecut (45°)

- stop jump

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 150 ms prior to initial contact

PP: three seconds before the initiation of the task

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal and transverse plane)

Whyte et al. (A)⁵⁴

N = 28 males (21.7 ± 2 yrs.; 179 ± 15 m; 82 ± 11 kg) *;

University Gaelic Football

Single-leg landing and crossover cut

(dominant limb and crosscut analyzed)

Horizontal jump equaling 70% of the maximal jump distance and then:

- crossover cut (45°)

- sidecut (45°)

- stop jump

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 150 ms prior to initial contact

PP: three seconds before the initiation of the task

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Weight acceptance/loading response phase (from heel strike to first trough in V-GRF): ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal and frontal plane)

Richwalski et al. 2019⁵³

N = 12 females (20 ± 1 yrs.; 170 cm; 71 ± 10 kg);

Volleyball at collegiate club-level

Bilateral landing and crossover cut or vertical jump

(dominant limb assessed)

Drop from a 40 cm box and land on both feet and then:

- crossover step left

- crossover step right

- vertical jump

Visual (arrow) stimulus

UP: while stepping of the box (available response time unclear)

PP: prior to leaving the box

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact to max. knee flexion: ***

3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

Kim et al. 2014⁴⁸

N = 37 young, male middle school football/soccer players (expertise level, exact age, and anthropometrics unclear)

Run and side/crossover step/cut

(dominant limb assessed)

- run and sidecut (45°)

- run and crossover cut (45°)

(approach speed: 3.5 ± 0.2 m/s)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 90% of stride length before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 250 to 350 ms)

PP: before the initiation of the run

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Maximum during (mid-)stance phase: ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

Kim et al. 2016⁴⁷

N = 16 young, male middle school football/soccer players (expertise level unclear; 165 ± 9 cm; 55 ± 10 kg; exact age unclear)

Run and side step/cut

(dominant limb assessed)

- run and sidecut left (45°)

- run and sidecut right (45°)

(approach speed 3.5 ± 0.2 m/s)

Visual (light) stimulus

UP: 90% of stride length before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 250 to 350 ms)

PP: before the initiation of the run

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Weight acceptance/loading response phase (approx. at 8%) and max. during (mid-)stance phase (approx. at 45%): ***

- 3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

- 3D ankle moments (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

Hou et al. 2024⁵⁹

N = 15 physically (recreational) active participants (n = 7 females; age: 24 ± 6 years, BMI: 23 ± 4 kg/m²)

Bilateral countermovement-jump with single-leg landing

(both limbs assessed)

- landing on the left side

- landing on the right side

Visual (written word) stimulus

UP: landing side (left or right) automatically shown 100 ms after take-off (available response time: ~ 400 ms)

PP: landing side (left or right) shown before jump

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

~ 20 ms prior initial contact ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal plane)

Peak within 200 ms upon landing (~ 120 ms after initial contact): ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal and frontal plane)

Zou et al. 2024⁵²

N = 21 female college soccer players (national level or above; all had finished top three national competitions), age: 18 ± 1 years; height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m; weight: 60.1 ± 5.5 kg **

Run and cutting

(dominant limb assessed)

- run and sidecut (45°)

- run and crosscut (90°)

- run and pivot turn (180°)

(approach speed: 2.6 ± 0.3 m/s)

Visual (arrow) stimulus

UP: 2 m before the force plate (available response time not reported, approx. 750 ms)

PP: before the initiation of the run

(3 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact and first peak vGRF/weight acceptance/loading response phase) ***

3D ankle angles (sagittal, frontal and transverse plane)

Rikken et al. 2024⁶⁰

N = 15 male basketball players (local, regional, national level), age: 22 ± 2 years; height: 1.89 ± 11 m; weight: 85 ± 12 kg

Run and side step/cut

(dominant limb assessed)

- run and sidecut left (90°)

- run and sidecut right (90°)

(approach speed: unclear)

Visual (light) stimulus

Each trial involved two sidestep cuts: the first with the non-dominant leg after an 8.35 m sprint (Fitlight#2), and the second—a 90° cut with the dominant leg (Fitlight#3) following a 3.5 m sprint. The trial ended with another 3.5 m sprint (available response time: unclear)

UP: route indicated when reaching Fitlight#2 (available response time not reported)

PP: route indicated during the entire trial

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Initial contact***

3D ankle angles (plantarflexion; sagittal plane)

Peak between initial contact and max. knee flexion***

3D ankle angles (dorsiflexion; sagittal plane)

(IMU-based system; Xsens MVN Analyze)

Dutaillis et al. 2021⁶¹

N = 19 recreationally active females (age, 24 ± 3yrs; height, 164 ± 5 cm; and weight, 58 ± 6 kg), type of sports (e.g. Soccer, Australian Rules football and gymnastics)

Single-leg landing and cutting

(both limbs assessed)

forward jump off a 0.31 m box placed 1.35 m from the centre of the force plate, landing on a single limb and immediately:

- sidecut to the left (45°)

- sidecut to the right (45°)

Visual stimulus

UP: 450 ms before initial contact

PP: before the initiation of the jump

(2 stimuli indicating motor task)

Peak during stance phase (~ 60–80%)

- 3D ankle angles (dorsiflexion; sagittal plane)

- 3D ankle angles (inversion; frontal plane)

* same participants, ** allocated to elite performance level.

*** used definition of stance/landing phase: (1) initial contact, (2) loading response/weight acceptance phase (1 to 20% of stance), (3) midstance/peak push off phase (21 to 60% of stance), and (4) terminal stance/final push off phase (last 15% of stance)^99,100.

UP = Unplanned, PP = pre-planned, yrs = years, 3D = three-dimensional motion analysis; NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association