Table 1. Basic information.
| First author [year] | Country | Population | Route | Sample size | Age (years), mean ± SD or median [IQR] | Gender (M/F) | Extravasation, n/N (%) | Thrombosis, n/N (%) | Infection, n/N (%) | Puncture site | Drug category | Infusion duration (h), mean ± SD or median [IQR] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karlsson [2024] (32) | Sweden | Septic shock | MC | 472 | 73.5 [65–80] | 281/191 | 1/472 (0.2) | 10/472 (2.1) | 7/472 (1.5) | Basilic vein, brachial vein, cephalic vein | Norepinephrine | 21 [9–38] |
| Gershengorn [2023] (31) | USA | Mixed patients who received vasopressors | MC | 287 | 68.7 [58.6–75.7] | 142/145 | 6/287 (2.1) | 21/287 (7.3) | 2/287 (0.7) | Basilic vein, brachial vein, etc. | Norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, vasopressin, etc. | NA |
| PICC | 1,660 | 66.6 [57.1–75.0] | 875/785 | NA | 82/1,660 (4.9) | 46/1,660 (2.8) | NA | |||||
| Prasanna [2021] (33) | USA | ICU (septic/distributive shock most common) | MC | 248 | 66 [57–76] | 117/131 | 1/248 (0.4) | 1/248 (0.4) | 6/248 (2.4) | Basilic vein, brachial vein, cephalic vein | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, etc. | 7.8±9.3 (days) |
| Lewis [2019] (34) | USA | ICU | PVC | 202 | 75 [64–83] | 107/95 | 8/202 (4.0) | NA | NA | Forearm, antecubital fossa, hand, etc. | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, etc. | 11.5 (median) |
| Medlej [2018] (35) | Lebanon | Circulatory shock | PVC | 55 | 70 (mean) | 34/21 | 2/55 (3.6) | 1/55 (1.8) | 0/55 (0.0) | Antecubital fossa, dorsum of the hand, upper arm, etc. | Norepinephrine, dopamine | Norepinephrine: 13 [6.5–31.5]; dopamine: 53 [15.5–113] |
| Datar [2018] (36) | USA | Neurological ICU | PVC | 277 | 65±15 | 129/148 | 9/277 (3.2) | NA | NA | Proximal upper extremity, hand, etc. | Phenylephrine | 19±18 |
| Delgado [2016] (37) | USA | Neurologic ICU | PVC | 20 | 62 (14–90)† | 11/9 | 0/20 (0.0) | 0/20 (0.0) | 0/20 (0.0) | Upper extremity, proximal to the wrist | Phenylephrine | 14.29 (1–54.3)† |
| Han [2024)] (38) | China | Neurologic ICU | PVC | 273 | 64 [55–71] | 188/85 | 1/273 (0.4) | NA | NA | Bilateral external jugular veins | Metaraminol | 88.4 [54.5–131.6] |
| Guo [2024] (30) | China | Respiratory ICU | PICC | 44 | 72.64±2.30 | 22/22 | 1/44 (2.3) | 1/44 (2.3) | 0/44 (0.0) | Middle 1/3 area between the antecubital fossa and the axilla | Norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine | Norepinephrine: 62.00 [37.00–92.00], dopamine: 47.50 [29.75–75.00], epinephrine: 0.18 [0.12–0.32] |
| Respiratory ICU | MC | 44 | 69.45±2.31 | 30/14 | 1/44 (2.3) | 0/44 (0.0) | 0/44 (0.0) | |||||
| Christensen [2024] (39) | Sweden | Perioperative | PVC | 1,004 | 71±12 | 556/448 | 23/1,004 (2.3) | NA | NA | Hand, forearm, etc. | Norepinephrine | 175.5 [105–276] mins |
| Asher [2023] (16) | Israel | Cardiogenic shock (ICCU) | PVC | 108 | 72±12.3 | 70/38 | 1/108 (0.9) | NA | 1/108 (0.9) | Above the wrist | Norepinephrine, dopamine, etc. | NA |
| CVC | 31 | 64±19.6 | 21/10 | 1/31 (3.2) | NA | 2/31 (6.5) | Jugular vein in nearly half, femoral vein, subclavian vein | |||||
| Marques [2022] (40) | Rwanda | ICU | PVC | 64 | 49 [33–65] | 29/35 | 2/64 (3.1) | NA | NA | Antecubital fossa, upper arm, etc. | Adrenaline, norepinephrine, etc. | 19 [8.5–37] |
| Groetzinger [2022] (41) | USA | ICU | PVC | 87 | 65 [56–74] | 42/45 | 1/87 (1.1) | NA | NA | Forearm, upper extremity, etc. | Norepinephrine | 1–68† |
| He [2022] (42) | China | Septic shock | PVC | 640 | 54.35±6.73 | 380/260 | 27/640 (4.2) | NA | NA | Forearm, arm, etc. | Norepinephrine | NA |
| Feng [2021] (43) | China | Septic shock | PVC | 116 | 52.91±18.69 | 39/77 | 6/116 (5.2) | NA | NA | Forearm, arm, etc. | Norepinephrine | NA |
| Padmanaban [2020] (15) | India | ICU | PVC | 122 | 55±4 | 66/56 | 1/122 (0.8) | NA | NA | Forearm, hand, etc. | Norepinephrine, vasopressin, etc. | Norepinephrine: 9 [6–14], vasopressin: 4 [2.7–9], epinephrine: 6 [4–10], dopamine: 7.5 |
| Delaney [2020] (14) | Australia | Early septic shock | CVC | 548 | 65.7 [53.6–76.0] | 330/218 | 3/548 (0.5) | 1/548 (0.2) | 1/548 (0.2) | Internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, etc. | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, etc. | 4.9 [3.5–6.6] |
| PVC | 389 | 65.4 [52.4–75.3] | 233/156 | 0/389 (0.0) | 0/389 (0.0) | 0/389 (0.0) | Above the wrist | 2.4 [1.3–4.1] | ||||
| Powell [2023] (44) | USA | Shock | PVC | 36‡ | 69.5 [57.0–78.0] | 63/35 | 0/36 (0.0) | 0/36 (0) | 0/36 (0.0) | Upper forearm (basilic or cephalic vein), upper arm (basilic or cephalic vein), antecubital fossa | Norepinephrine | 6 [3.3–11.3] |
| Ballieu [2021] (45) | USA | ICU | PVC | 125 | 59.3 (mean) | 52/73 | 2/125 (1.6) | 1/125 (0.8) | NA | Above the wrist | Phenylephrine | NA |
†, reported as a range instead of IQR; ‡, there were originally 98 cases, among which 62 were subsequently converted to CVC, therefore, only 36 patients received vasopressor infusion via PICC catheters from start to finish. CVC, central venous catheter; ICU, intensive care unit; ICCU, intensive coronary care unit; IQR, interquartile range; MC, midline catheter; NA, data not available; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheter; PVC, peripheral venous catheter; SD, standard deviation.