Table 3. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale risk of bias score.

First author [year]	Q1: Is the case definition adequate?	Q2: Is the selection of cases representative?	Q3: Are controls selected appropriately?	Q4: Is the definition of controls adequate?	Q5: Are cases and controls comparable on the basis of the design or analysis?	Q6: Is the exposure of interest assessed reliably?	Q7: Is the method of exposure assessment similar for cases and controls?	Q8: Is the non-response rate addressed?
Gershengorn [2023] (31)	★	★	★	★	★★	★	★	★
Asher [2023] (16)	★	★	★	★	★	★	★	★
Delaney [2020] (14)	★	★	★	★	★	★	★	★
Powell [2023] (44)	★	★	★	★	★	★	★	★
Groetzinger [2022] (41)	★	★	★	★	★	★	★	★
Marques [2022] (40)	★	★	★	★	★	★	★	★

★, the criterion is adequately met (for Q5, it indicates partial satisfaction); ★★, full satisfaction of the criterion (applicable only to Q5).