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. 2025 Sep 11;13:e19930. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19930

Table 4. Primary outcome measures for the stability task (treadmill-induced slip perturbations, n = 12).

Values are reported as group mean ± group standard deviation. Effect size (ES) computed as Cohen’s d.

“Agility” Shoe “Stability” Shoe P ES
Step width (m) 0.17 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.04 0.43 0.12
Step length (m) 0.69 ± 0.08 0.66 ± 0.15 0.33 0.27
MoSAP (cm) at heel strike −0.48 ± 10.62 −1.80 ± 11.32 0.51 0.12
MoSML (cm) at heel strike 15.65 ± 1.86 16.01 ± 1.66 0.38 0.20