Table 2.

Polysaccharides from natural medicinal plants on aerobic exercise capacity.

Name	Source	Types	Testing Subjects	Number	Dose	Duration	Effects	Characteristics	References
PCP	Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua	In vivo	Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (20 ± 2 g)	20	65, 130, 260 mg/kg/day	4 weeks	Body weight↑; Exhaustive swimming time↑	LA, BUN, SOD, GSH-Px, MDA↓; Liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, muscle ATP↑; BMP-2, phosphor-Smad1, Runx2, OC↑	(149)
PCP	Polgonatum cyrtonema Hua	In vivo	Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male Kunming mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing 40 ± 2 g	15	65, 260 mg/kg/day	21 consecutive days	Exhausted swimming time↑	Serum activities of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD↑; MDA, lactic acid, BUN↓	(150)
PCPY-1	Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua	In vivo	Male C57BL/6 mice (7 months old; 30 ± 2 g)	10	65, 260 mg/kg/day	4 weeks	Exhausted swimming time↑	Osteocalcin release, GPRC6A protein expression↑; The phosphorylation levels of CREB and HSL↑; The mRNA levels of GLUT4, CD36, FATP1, CPT1B↑; ATP production↑	(109)
APs-1	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	In vivo	Male C57BL/6J mice (18–22 g)	8	50, 100, 150 mg/kg/day	15 days	Fatigue tolerance time↑	BLA, LDH, BUN↓; SOD, CAT↑, MDA↓, CK↑; LKB1, p-AMPK, PGC-1α, Glut4↑	(144)
WGP, WGPN, WGPA	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	In vivo	Male ICR mice, 11–12 weeks old	8	WGP:50, 100, 200 mg/kg; WGPA:40, 100, 160, 200 mg/kg; WGPN:40, 100, 160, 200 mg/kg	15 days	immobility in FST↓	GLU, GSH-Px↓; CK, LDH, MDA↑	(69)
WGPA, WGPA-A	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	In vivo	Male ICR mice, 11–12 weeks old	8	Dissolved in saline at a dose of 200 mg/kg and administered by oral gavage in a volume of 10 ml/kg	15 days	Forced swimming time↑	Malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase↑; Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase↓; Ameliorate the structural degeneration of mitochondria	(81)
WSGP-S3	Steamed ginseng	In vivo	Male Kunming mice (20 ± 2 g)	10	25, 50, 75 mg/kg	30 days	Exhaustive swimming time↑	Liver and muscle glycogen levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities↑; BLA, nitrogen and malondialdehyde↓; Spleen cell proliferation↑	(68)
POL	Codonopsis pilosula	In vivo	Male ICR mice (SPF grade, 22 ± 2 g, 4 weeks old)	8	0.25, 0.5, 1.0 g/kg	21 consecutive days	Swimming time↑	LG, MG↑; BUN↓, LDH↓; MDA↓; GSH↑	(145)
LBP	Lycium barbarum	In vivo	Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 280 to 300 g	12	100, 200 and 400 mg/kg	28 days	Mean endurance time of treadmill running to exhaustion↑	MDA↓; SOD, GSH-Px↑	(192)
LBP	Lycium barbarum	In vivo	Forty male Kun-ming mice (initial body weight, 18–22 g; 4 weeks old)	10	50, 100 mg/kg	4 weeks	Weight loading swimming time↑	T-SOD, CAT↑; MDA↓; Thymus index and spleen index↑; Spleen lymphocyte transformation ability↓; Urea nitrogen↓; Hepatic glycogen↑	(80)
LBP	Lycium barbarum	In vivo	Forty male Kun-ming mice (18–22 g)	10	10, 20 mg/kg/d	ay 4 weeks	Swimming endurance↑	Skeletal muscle damage↓, MDA↓; SOD, GSH-Px activities↑; Mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+↑	(146)
LBP, LBPT	Lycium barbarum	In vivo	Sixty-four male SD rats (4 weeks old; body weight 180–210 g)	8	LBP: 120, 360 mg/kg/day; LBPT: 600, 1,200, 1,800 mg/kg/day	28 consecutive days	Exhaustive swimming time↑	ALT, CK and LDH↓; AST, BUN, BLA↓; Antioxidant capacity↑; Serum glucose, ATP, glycogen content↑; Density of mitochondria↑	(82)
LBP1-SeNPs	Lycium barbarum	In vivo	160 male ICR mice (20 ± 2 g)	20	0.5, 2, 4 mg Se/kg/day	30 days	Exhaustion swimming time↑	Liver and muscle glycogen↑; BUN, BLA↓; SOD↑; MDA↓; Antioxidant enzymes levels↑	(147)
PYB-1, PYB-2	Chinese yam bulbils	In vivo	Mice (20–22 g)	18	50, 100, 200 mg/kg	28 days	Swimming time↑	Hepatic glycogen content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) activity↑; BUN, lactic acid, malondialdehyde levels↓	(156)
CYP	Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)	In vivo	Swiss mice, typically weighing 18–22 g for females	10	once daily, 100 mg/kg	14 days	Exhausting swimming time↑	ATP in musculus gastrocnemius↑; IL-lβ, MDA, BUN, LDH↓; SOD activity↑	(179)
ZOPA, ZOPA-1	Zingiber officinale	In vivo	SPF Kunming male mice (weighing 20.0 ± 2.0 g, derived from Swiss mice)	20	400, 800 mg/kg	21 days	Exhaustion swimming times↑	LG↑; LDH, BUN↓; Na+K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase content↑; IL-1β and IL-6↓; MDA↓	(64)
PPPm-1	Paris polyphylla	In vivo	Healthy Kunming mice (18–22 g, n = 48, 24 males and 24 females)	12	100, 200, 400 mg/kg	21 days	Weight-bearing swimming time↑	Blood lactate, serum urea nitrogen↓; Hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen↑; Endurance, glycogen reserve↑; Glycogen consumption, lactate, serum urea nitrogen accumulation↓; Ca2+ influx↑	(157)
EPDO-60	Dendrobium officinale	In vivo	Male Institute of Cancer Research mice (18–22 g, 6 weeks)	10	100, 150, 200 mg/kg, P60–H	4 weeks	Forced swimming time↑	BLA, BUN↓; SOD↑; Proportions of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in gut microflora↑	(66)
BCP-2	Bupleurum chinense DC	In vivo	Healthy 2-month-old male ICR mice (20 ± 2 g)	10	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	30 days	Forced swimming time↑	Glycogen reserves, antioxidant system↑; BUN, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase expression↓	(67)
PAP	Apple pomace	In vivo	Seven-week-old Kunming male mice (18–20 g)	6	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	4 consecutive weeks	Exhaustive swimming time↑	Glycogen content↑; activity and gene expression of glycogen synthase↑; Hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen↑; Blood lactic, BUN↓	(158)
APs	A. membranaceus	In vivo	Six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 40) weighting 20 ± 2 g	8	200, 400, and 800 mg/kg dose	5 weeks	Total distance of movement↑, central residence time↑, immobility time↓	SCFAs↑, anti-inflammatory bacteria↑	(73)
MCP	Lepidium meyenii (Walp.)	In vivo	male Kunming mice	10	150, 300, 600 mg/kg/day	30 days	Exhaustive swimming time↑	LG↑; BUN↓	(152)
MPs-1, MPs-2	Lepidium meyenii Walp. (maca)	In vivo	four-week old male Kunming mice	10	20, 100 mg/kg/day	30 days	Exhaustive time in forced swimming↑	BLA, BUN, LDH↓; LG↑	(154)
MP	Lepidium meyenii Walp	In vivo	ICR mice, including 40 males and 40 females, weighing 26.20 ± 1.70 g at 6 week of age	10	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg bw/day	30 consecutive days	Swimming durations↑, average swimming speeds↑	Glutathione peroxidase, creatine kinase activities↑; Lactate dehydrogenase activity↓; BUN, lactic acid, and malondialdehyde↓	(153)
ME	Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.)	In vivo	ICR mice (18–22 g)	10	10 ml/kg bw	4 weeks	Leg grip-strength↑, exercise endurance in the rota-rod test↑, mouse muscle structures↑	BLA, BUN, ROS↓; NAD+/NADH↑; Cell viability of C2C12 cells↑	(193)
AP	Abelmoschus esculentus	In vivo	Kunming male mice	40	0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/kg	2 weeks	Swimming time↑	Liver glycogen, serum lactic acid, and serum urea↑; Testicles and epididymis↑	(194)
AEP-1, AEP-2	Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)	In vivo	Male Kunming mice (5-week old, body weight 20 ± 2 g)	30	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	4 weeks	Swimming time↑	Serum urea nitrogen (SUN), BLA ↓; hepatic glycogen (HG), muscle glycogen (MG) ↑; Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ↓; Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)↑	(66)
PCS	Corn silk	In vivo	Healthy Kunming mice (aged 4 weeks, half male and half female, weight 20 ± 2 g)	20	50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	2 weeks	Duration of the swimming time to exhaustion↑	BUN, LA↓, LDH, HG activities↑	(159)
U-SCPSeNP 0, U-SCPSeNP 20, U-SCPSeNP 40, U-SCPSeNP 60	Sweet corn cob	In vivo	Male five-week-old ICR mice (n = 64) weighing 20 ± 2 g	8	200 mg/kg	28 days	The production capacity of Na+-K+-ATP, Mg2+-ATP, Ca2+-ATP↑	SOD, MDA↓; CAT, GSH-Px↑; Diversity and abundance of gut microbiota↑; Relative abundance of Firmicutes↓, relative abundance of Bacteroidota↑	(195)
MSP	Millettiae speciosae Champ. Leguminosae	In vivo	Male Kunming mice, weighted 15–17 g	9	200, 400, and 800 mg/kg	20 days	Swimming time to exhaustion↑	Glucose (Glu), muscle glycogen↑; BUN, lactic acid (Lac) ↓; Creatine phosphokinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) ↑; Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH)↓	(177)
RRPP	Radix Rehmanniae Preparata	In vivo	Male BALB/c mice (8 weeks old, 17–20 g)	20	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	4 weeks	Exhausting swimming time↑	BLA, SUN↓; Hepatic glycogen↑	(196)
MOA	Roots of Morinda officinalis	In vivo	Male Sprague Dawley (SD) mice with a body weight range of 18–22 g	10	0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	4 weeks	Weight-loaded swimming time↑	Serum urea nitrogen, BLA↓; Hepatic glycogen↑	(197)
GP	Garlic	In vivo	SPF adult male ICR mice (6–8 weeks; 16–18 g body weight)	20	1.25, 2.5 g/kg-BW	7 weeks	Duration of exhaustive swimming↑	Blood biochemical markers (BUN and BLA), liver and muscle glycogen↑; Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT), ATPase activity↑; Potentially beneficial bacteria↑, harmful bacteria↓	(74)
PKP	Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl	In vivo	Male non-specific pathogen KM mice (20 ± 2 g, SPF), aged 5 weeks	12	100, 150, and 200 mg/kg/day	4 weeks	Exhaustive swimming time↑	Antioxidant bacteria (e.g., g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) ↑; Abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter) ↓	(83)
PEP	Phragmites rhizome	In vivo	Male ICR mice (6 weeks old) and Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old)	6	1 g/kg, p.o.	10 days	Swimming endurance capacity↑, body weight↑	GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px↑; CK↓; Hyperactivation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis↓, oxidative damages induced by WIR stress↓	(64)
GPP1-a	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	In vivo	Male 2-month-old Kunming mice	10	50, 100, and 150 mg/kg	1 week	Exercise time to exhaustion↑	Glycogen level, some of antioxidant enzyme activities↑; MDA↓	(70)
ASP	Angelica sinensis (AS)	In vivo	W1118 (#5905) fly strains	20	0, 1,3 mg/mL	15 days	Lifespan↑, reproduction↑, climbing ability↑, resistance to starvation and oxidative stress↑	Insulin signaling (IIS), TOR signaling↓, antioxidant ability↑; Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) hyperproliferation and oxidative damage↓	(198)
CPP	Cyclocarya paliurus (C. paliurus)	In vitro	RAW264.7 cell line	1 × 105 cells/ml	3.125,6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml	24 h	Cell viability↑, antioxidant activity↑	MDA↓; Activity of SOD, T-AOC, CAT↑	(199)
MHa	Mentha haplocalyx	In vivo	Male C57BL/6 mice (20 ± 2 g)	10	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	30 days	Exhaustive swimming time↑	Blood lactate, urea nitrogen levels↓; Liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, ATP levels↑; Activities of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase, antioxidant defense↑	(160)
AALP-U	Artemisia argyi leaves	In vivo	healthy SPF-grade male ICR mice, 6–8 weeks old, 18–22 g	20	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day	30 days	Swimming time↑, exercise endurance↑	Liver and muscle glycogen↑; SOD, GSH-Px↑; ROS↓	(200)
LJP	Laminaria japonica	In vivo	Adult male Kunming mice (Mus musculus, Km, with weight 20 ± 2 g)	12	75, 150, and 300 mg/kg	28 days	Swimming time to exhaustion↑	Liver and muscle glycogen content, levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase in the serum, liver, and muscle↑; Malondialdehyde (MDA) ↓; BLA, serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) ↓	(201)
PSP	Spirulina platensis	In vivo	Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats of grade SPF, weighing 221.98 ± 22.67 g	10	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	6 consecutive days	The time to exhaustion during the treadmill exercise↑	Hb levels↑; LA, BUN, and CK levels in the blood↓; 5-HT concentrations, TPH2 expression↓; 5-HT1B expression in the caudate putamen↑	(173)
SCPs	Sweet cassava	In vivo	Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (5 weeks old and weighting 180–200 g)	10	500 mg/kg/day (in two 250 mg/kg doses; one after the morning exercise and the other in the evening at ~17:00–18:00)	5 days	Running time to exhaustion↑	Glycogen content in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles↑; Blood glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) ↑	(202)
HRWP, LBWP, LRWP, NTWP	The fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides, Lycium barbarum, Lycium ruthenicum, Nitraria tangutorum	In vivo	Male BALB/c male mice (8 weeks old)	6	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	15 days	Immobility in the FST↓	Glc, SOD, GSH-Px↑; CK, LDH, BUN, TG, MDA↓; Spleen indices↑(LBWP and NTWP)	(181)