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. 2025 Sep 1;8:1616007. doi: 10.3389/frai.2025.1616007

Table 1.

Quantitative comparison of foreground and background image restoration performance.

Model Params (M) FLOPs (G) Foreground Background
PSNR SSIM PSNR SSIM
DnCNN 0.671 11.01 35.81 0.973 35.92 0.975
RRDB 16.624 252.00 35.93 0.974 36.12 0.978
DPIR 32.640 35.893 35.98 0.976 36.29 0.979
SwinIR 11.504 197.00 36.06 0.977 36.31 0.981
Restormer 26.112 38.721 36.13 0.978 36.32 0.981
STUNet 17.79 34.27 36.21 0.978 36.31 0.982
TORNet (Ours) 17.342 30.777 36.38 0.979 36.43 0.982

Bold values indicate the best performance for each column.