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. 2025 Sep 11;21:2053–2065. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S537505

Table 3.

Differences in Demographic and Clinical Variables Between MDD Patients with and without Sarcopenia and Metabolic Syndrome

Sarcopenia Metabolic Syndrome
Yes No Yes No
Number 93 132 92 133
Age (years) 56.6±12.5* 52.1±13.3 60.0±11.0*** 49.8±12.8
Formal education (years) 11.3±3.3* 12.4±3.6 11.0±3.8** 12.6±3.1
BMI 22.3±2.8*** 26.0±4.9 27.3±4.5*** 22.5±3.4
Total cholesterol /HDL-C 3.7±1.1 4.0±1.2 4.6±3.3*** 3.4±0.8
HAMD 14.5±6.8*** 10.6±6.5 11.3±7.1 12.8±6.7
SS 9.9±6.6** 7.5±5.7 7.7±6.3 9.1±6.0
HADS-A 9.8±5.3** 7.9±4.8 7.2±5.4*** 9.7±4.7
MoCA 23.2±3.9 23.6±4.5 22.2±4.7*** 24.3±3.7

Notes: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; HADS-A, Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SS, Somatic subscale of the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale.