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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 16.
Published in final edited form as: Structure. 2025 Aug 26;33(11):1831–1843.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2025.07.022

Figure 2. Impact of secretory stimuli on ISG density and insulin to proinsulin ratio.

Figure 2.

(A) Central figure shows the mechanism of action and the cellular signaling pathways that are activated by the different classes of secretory stimuli. Representative whole cell 3D models generated from SXT tomograms of cells treated with: Glimepiride (Yellow), GKA-50 (Green), Glucose (Red), GIP (cyan), Ex-4 (Blue), and TAK-875 (Purple) (B) Comparison of insulin secreted upon stimulation using ELISA shows increased secretion levels upon stimulation. (n = 8 biological replicates) (C) Mean Insulin label field LAC value comparison shows distinct effects of the stimuli on label field ISG density (n = 5 to 7 cells) (D-E) Ratio of Insulin to Proinsulin (I:P) upon stimulation: (D) secreted ratio (n = 4 biological replicates) (E) intracellular ratio (n = 11 biological replicates). Error bars in all panels represent SDs. *p<0.05; **p<0.01: ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001 as calculated by a One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction in all panels.