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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 16.
Published in final edited form as: Structure. 2025 Aug 26;33(11):1831–1843.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2025.07.022

Figure 5. Ex-4 promotes ISG maturation in primary mouse β-cells.

Figure 5.

(A) 2D X-Y orthoslice of SXT tomograms from primary mouse β-cells. Left – Unstimulated cells. Right – Glucose + Ex-4 treated cell showing higher LAC ISGs. (B) 3D model of whole cells generated using respective SXT tomograms in (A) with ISGs in yellow, mitochondria in mauve and nuclei in teal. (C) ISG diameter vs mean ISG LAC plot for pooled primary mouse β -cell ISGs. Each point represents a single ISG. ISG LAC and diameter distribution is shown in histogram plots. Mean ISG LAC and ISG diameter along with comparison in these parameters between conditions shown in box and whisker plots. As compared to ISGs from Unstimulated (white) (n = 4528) cells, ISGs from Ex-4 treated (n = 3655) cells show a significantly higher ISG LAC value. (D) ISG LAC distribution for each 0.1 EDT zone. The last EDT zone is from 0.6 to 1.0. Each point represents the mean LAC for the corresponding condition in that specific EDT range. Error bars represent 95% CI. As compared to ISGs from unstimulated (grey) cells, ISGs from Ex-4 treated cells show a upward LAC trend travelling towards the periphery and significant differences in mean ISG LAC across all EDT zones. Error bars represent 95% CI. (E) Intracellular ratio of Insulin to Proinsulin (I:P) upon stimulation (n = 2 biological replicates, with 3 technical replicates each). Welch’s t-test used as statistical test for (C) and (E). Error bars represent SDs. (A-E) *p<0.05; **p<0.01: ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.