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. 2025 Sep 2;16:1618027. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1618027

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Copyright © 2025 Hu, Zhang and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagrams and photo of solar panel setups in a field, showing different treatments: TPM, CPM, SPM, and CK. A table lists shading, PV materials, and transparency for each treatment. — Agrivoltaics cell distribution. Among them, TPM stands for traditional photovoltaic panel, CPM stands for checkerboard photovoltaic panel, SPM stands for translucent photovoltaic panel, and CK represents control treatment. B represents the bottom of the photovoltaic panel, and R represents the rear of the photovoltaic panel.