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. 2025 Sep 2;16:1618027. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1618027

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Copyright © 2025 Hu, Zhang and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing the relationships between photosynthetic rate, nitrogen accumulation, and crude protein content. Photosynthetic rate affects nitrogen accumulation in leaves and stems before bulging, leading to nitrogen transfer in the leaf bulging stage. It also influences maximum nitrogen uptake efficiency and primary growth rate, which impact crude protein content. The variables are categorized as independent, pre-grain filling factors, post-grain filling factors, and dependent. Arrows indicate the direction of influence with corresponding coefficients. A solar panel image symbolizes the photosynthetic rate. — The influence path of grain crude protein concentration.